IV. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES
1. Road Network: Lower Kalookan, being a portal for transportation between the neighboring cities and municipalities and a center of major trade and industries, provides an extensive length of road system, namely: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, Samson Road, Rizal Avenue Extension, southern end of MacArthur Highway, A. Mabini Road, Dagat-Dagatan Avenue, Lapu-Lapu Avenue, C-3 Road, C4 Road and southern Toll Gate of North Diversion Road.
Upper Kalookan, on the other hand, serves as a suitable settlement of various residential and industrial subdivisions, thus providing a number of road networks, namely: Susano Road, Camarin Road, Quirino Highway, Gen. Luis Road (Bagbaguin Road), serves as the primary linkage between the geographically divided city while a secondary road named Dela Cruz traverse itself towards Lower Kalookan thru Sta. Quiteria Road.
The approximate length of these National Roads totals 52.83 kilometers, of which 49.43 kilometers (93.6%) are cemented and 3.4 kilometers are asphalted.
Mode of Transportation/Transport Routes: Kalookan City has various modes of transportation similar to other Metro Manila towns and cities. It has the Light Rail Transit (LRT) that serves as the fastest means of transport in and out of the city. Jeepneys and buses transit major and minor arterial roads while tricycles use most of the minor roads.
Water Supply: Kalookan City is benefited by MWSS which serves about 75% of the water requirements of the entire city as well as the whole of Metro Manila.
The city has a daily water consumption of 129,800 cubic meters per day. Domestic use has the biggest share, which is 51.5% or 66,870 cubic meters per day, closely followed by industrial consumption of 40.9% or 53,100 cubic meters per day, while the commercial sector consumes less with 7.6% or 9,830 cubic meters per day.
Power: The Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) services the power requirements of the entire city except for Upper Kalookan where there are areas still unserved.

V. SOCIAL SERVICES
1. Education: At present, there are 49 public and 17 private elementary schools, 17 public and 13 private secondary schools, 7 colleges/universities, 3 vocational and technical schools.
Enrollment in public elementary schools reached 87,363 with a total teaching force of 2,l86. Teacher to student population ratio in the elementary level was posted at 1:39 which is within the Department of Education, Culture and Sports Standard of 1:40.
On the other hand, the number of enrollees in the public secondary level reached a total of 32,660. A total of 850 teachers were assigned to public high schools, posting a teacher-student ratio of 1:38.
However, in Bagong Silang, the teacher-student ratio was posted at 1:202 which signifies the uneven distribution of teachers in Kalookan City. There are likewise classroom deficiencies and a need for improved facilities in both departments to maintain an atmosphere conducive to learning.
While educational services are fair, they are hampered by less adequate buildings and instructional facilities. It is to the credit of the total education system that the literacy rate is about 98%. However, this is probably uneven among different social classes, quite low in the lower income groups and high in the affluent sectors.
Health:
(1) Health Facilities and Personnel
Health facilities and personnel are perceived to be inadequate in the city despite the existence of nine private and three government hospitals, of which one, in Tala, serves  only leprosy patients. Most of these facilities are concentrated in Lower Kalookan, which has a nine private hospitals. The city has 23 health centers, six of which are puericulture centers. There are 13 health centers in Lower Kalookan and ten in Upper Kalookan. Hospitals have a total bed capacity of 712 , excluding beds in the leprosarium. The bed-population ratio was computed at 1:1,069 (or one (1) bed serving 1,069 persons) which is above the standard ratio of 1:2,000 population. As of 1990, there were only 30 government physicians, 22 dentists, 29 nurses and 27 midwives. Worse, not all health centers have physicians. The standard and current ratio of health personnel to the population is as follows:

Considering the above standards, there is a need to deploy more health personnel in the city.
Health Indicators: The number of registered live births as of 1990 totalled 25,924 indicating a Crude Birth Rate (CBR) of 34.06 per thousand population. A total of 3,806 deaths were registered indicating a Crude Death Rate (CDR) of 4.60 per thousand population. Pneumonias, cardiac diseases and tuberculosis were the three leading causes of mortality while URTI, bronchitis and gastro-entiritis were the three leading causes of morbidity.
Nutritional Status: the result of Operation Timbang conducted for the year 1990 showed that there were 67,717 pre-school children (PSC) weighed in 157 barangays out of the targeted 84,322 PSC in all 188 barangays. More than 45.74% of the total number of PSC weighed were considered as normal, an improvement of 12.94% from last year's 40.50%. Children suffering first degree malnutrition comprised 36.49% while moderately malnourished PSC 8.12%, a negative growth of 0.60% from last year's 8.29%. More than 8.44% were classified as overweight and severely malnourished PSC registered a rate of 1.21 %.


VI. HOUSING
Housing is another major area of concern that should be given attention by the city government. With a population increase of 4.99% and an unabated influx of squatters, the city is confronted with the problem of filling the housing backlog, urban blight caused by squatting, congestion and lack of public services and utilities. As of 1987, the housing backlog was estimated at 23,732 and by 1992, this is expected to increase to 27,906.


VII. SOCIAL WELFARE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The social welfare needs of the current Kalookan residents are provided by government agencies like the Department of Social Welfare and Development and Department of Urban, Social and Industrial Relations, complemented by no less than 22 non-government agencies.
The major social services being undertaken by these various agencies are: medical and dental services, Nutrition Program, Day Care program/Supplemental Feeding, Skills training, Income-generating projects, provision of seed capital/loan assistance, job placement, drug abuse prevention/rehabilitation, value orientation, self-employment assistance, relief and emergency assistance, abandoned and street children, community upgrading, etc.
Day Care: At present, Kalookan has 81 day care centers with 72 day care workers serving a total of 3,216 pre-schoolers in 43 barangays, with Bagong Silang registering 28 daycare centers. Four of these 72 day care workers are paid by the city government of Kalookan and the rest are volunteers who receive a small amount from the parents of the day care children.
In Table 4, DSWD registered 7,934 children who received daycare services, which implies that not only those who enrolled in daycare centers were given assistance but also other children who were attended to by the Department of Social Welfare and Development.