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Iwu Dwisetyani Utomo, PhD1 THE SETTING: JAKARTA MIDDLE CLASS YOUNG PEOPLE"POPULAR CULTURE" Jakarta's middle class young people of today live in a very different social environment than their parents. Nowadays young people are freer to express themselves. They have developed a "youth culture" specific to their group and have developed a "youth dialect" which others have difficulty in understanding. Jakarta's middle class young people are becoming Westernised in their attitudes towards types of fashion, music, film, food and even sexuality. For them, it is very prestigious to dress, listen to music, watch movies or videos and eat the type of food that teenagers enjoy in Western countries. Their attitudes towards premarital sex seem to be more liberal compared with past generations (Utomo and McDonald, 1997; Sarwono, 1981a). These emerging middle class young people like to hang around in prestigious shopping malls which are located in several parts of Jakarta like Sogo (Central Jakarta), and Pondok Indah Mall, Sarinah Jaya, Melawai Plaza Mall, and Senaya Plaza (southern Jakarta) and Lippo Plaza (Tangerang). They also like mejeng (hang around) in Melawai street or Sabang street. Usually they use this opportunity to also look for girlfriends or boyfriends. Another popular term used for this activity is JJS (Jalan-jalan sore), which literally means walking around in the afternoon. Middle class young people also hang around in discotheques, the Hard Rock Cafe and other cafe places. Having a mobile phone or a pager and driving one's own car is not uncommon among these young people. Peer group pressure and recognition are quite important for them, and most belong to a "group" with which they spend most of their time. Mixing between the sexes among young people in Jakarta is also freer compared to a generation ago. Jakarta's young people go to movies, discotheques, bars and shopping malls with the opposite sex with less constraint from their parents, feel free to hold each other's hands, and hug and even kiss in public places. This would never have happened a generation ago. Nowadays, marriages are more often based on "love-marriage", and young people achieve higher education and marry at a latter age. A generation ago, parents generally arranged marriages and young people were not free to mix with the opposite sex except at closely supervised events. In those days, a first meeting between a husband and wife on the day of the weeding day still often happened. Traditional social ceremonies or events were used by young people to meet with a member of the opposite sex. Today, these are only one of many opportunities to meet. Exposure to sexually explicit materials is quite extensive. Jakarta's young people are faced with extensive global information on sexuality through the media (movies, video, magazines, newspapers, books, and computer network/Internet) and through their peers. Sex shops, pornographic book stalls and medicine stalls selling sex-related medicines, creams and traditional herbs are distributed throughout Jakarta without a legal basis. Pornographic videos can be easily accessed. Recently the use of "Ecstasy" as a drug, alcohol consumption, and smoking behaviour have become popular among specific groups of Jakarta middle and upper class young people. The use of Ecstasy in the past two years has been increasing. This is observable from news in the newspapers relating to this issue and the government is concerned with controlling the use of Ecstasy among the young people in some urban areas of Indonesia. Incidences of death caused by the use of these pills were also reported in the newspapers. On the other hand, young people's knowledge of the nature of sexuality and safe sexual practices is very limited because sex education is not provided by schools (Xenos, 1990: 338), except in a few cases in some religious schools where it is provided in a scientific or technical way (Martono, 1981: 83). Sex education is also rarely provided by parents (Sarwono, 1981a: 18; Suyono, 198: 39); in their time, parents never received sex education from their parents nor were they free to mix with members of the opposite sex before marriage. Parents' lack of experience and knowledge, therefore, makes it difficult for them to provide information to their children. To overcome this problem, a study including working and non-working mothers residing in the urban fringes of Yogyakarta discovered that some respondents used a mediator (a family member from the extended family living in the house) to explain to children issues related to sex (Parini and Mudjajadi, 1995: 16-18). Another study conducted by a journal, Tiara, concluded that 23 per cent of the respondents (N=175) who were readers of the magazine, who had adequate knowledge of reproductive health, were still not willing to give sex education to their children. Three per cent of the respondents opposed the idea of giving sex education to their children, whether or not they had the knowledge, because they believed it was inappropriate to do so (Tiara, 1994). While recently young people in the West appear to be returning to a more conservative approach to sex, Jakarta's middle class young people seem to be more and more liberal towards in their attitudes to premarital sexual relationships. The opportunities for young people to engage in sexual behaviour have also increased dramatically. Jakarta's young people are just starting to be more liberal. With STDs and the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the Jakarta young people are facing tremendous risks. They are not equipped with sufficient sex education and knowledge to prevent STDs or HIV/AIDS and are unaware of the consequences of premarital pregnancy. The majority still have various misconceptions about the nature of sex and safe sex practice, contrasting sharply with young people in Western countries, whose knowledge of the nature of sex and safe sex practice is far more precise and extensive. The effects of teenage sexual behaviour, pregnancy, and childbearing can be related to health risk or disadvantage in economic-welfare. Young women are more likely to suffer from pregnancy-related complications and they are more likely to end their pregnancy in delayed or obstructed labor; rupture in the birth canal; and associated death of mother, infant, or both. These risks are greater if prenatal care is inadequate (United Nations, 1989: 83-105). Babies born to a teenage mother are more likely to have low birth weight, prematurity, birth injuries and still birth (Bledsoe and Cohen, 1993: 5; WHO 1989: 5). Younger unmarried women are also more likely to consider having late and unsafe abortions as an alternative to carrying a pregnancy to term (Kirby and Comer 1994: 11; Bledsoe and Cohen 1993: 6; WHO 1989: 7). And most of all, unmarried and sexually active high school students are at much greater of risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV) (McDevitt et al., 1996: 2). Besides the health risks associated with teenage pregnancy, and social consequences such as forced marriage and discontinuation of schooling, it is evident that in some societies both mother and child can suffer from discrimination if teenage pregnancies take place outside marriage. In the long run, these consequences can restrict women's future economic opportunities and career choices (McDevitt et al., 1996: 2). This paper elaborates on attitudes, values and behaviours of the Jakarta middle class young people towards premarital sex. Data used in this paper are derived from the "1994/1995 Jakarta Marriage Values and Sexuality Survey" that I conducted over a period of nine months. The survey covers 344 high school students and 174 university students located in the southern part of Jakarta. This survey was supplemented by 93 in-depth interviews covering various respondents, psychologists, psychiatrists, teachers, counselors, non-government organisation personnel and government officials, and respondents who had been sexually active and/or pregnant premaritally that I collected in DI Yogyakarta, Palembang and Jakarta. Twelve focus group discussions were also conducted among high school and university students living in a boarding house away from their parents. In the analysis, several definitions are used. An adolescent is defined as person aged 15-19, and a young adult is a person aged 20-24. Only adolescents and young adults who are still single are included in the survey. In this paper, adolescents are high school students from public and religious schools and young adults are university students from public and private universities located in the southern part of Jakarta. Religion is divided into two categories, Moslem and non-Moslem. More than 90 per cent of the Indonesian population is Moslem, which was also reflected by the sampling of respondents in this study. Non-Moslems include other religions, Protestant, Catholic, Hindu and Buddhism. The term premarital sexual intimacy or behaviour in this paper is defined as any kind of physical contact or involvement with a member of the opposite sex. Premarital sexual intimacy in this context includes: holding hands, hugging, kissing, breast fondling, genital fondling, petting and sexual intercourse (vaginal intercourse). RESEARCH FINDINGS Respondent Characteristics Characteristics of the respondents in the "1994/1995 Jakarta Marriage Values and Sexuality Survey" show that in all 344 high school students (15-19 years old) and 174 university students (20-24 years old) took part, 236 were male and 280 female. By religion, the majority (82 per cent) were Moslem, followed by Protestant (13 per cent), Catholic (four per cent), Hindu (less than one per cent) and Buddhist (less than one per cent). Respondents' awareness about religious values seemed quite strong. Almost every respondent (94.6 per cent) strongly agreed that religion was a very important aspect in one's life. The majority of respondents (79 per cent) never or only occasionally skipped obligatory prayers, occasionally read religious books (61.3 per cent) and attended religious sermons at the mosque or church (51.0 percent). Exposure to Western values seems to come predominantly from the media; radio (68.6 per cent) and television (87.5 per cent) programs compared to the direct experience of living abroad (5.0 per cent). In this case we have to keep in mind that respondents who have experienced living abroad did not necessarily live in a Western country. Westernised radio and television programs and films are favoured most by respondents (e.g. Western type of music and films). Western type films are also the most preferred (82.9 per cent). The most watched television channels are the ones that show the least number of Indonesian programs like RCTI (Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia) (82.5 per cent), ANTV (Andalas Televisi) (5.6 per cent), and SCTV (Surya Citra Televisi) (4.8 per cent), all of which are run by private companies. The Government-owned Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI), and the privately owned Indonesian program oriented TPI (Televisi Pendidikan Indonesia) are the least favored by the respondents (3.3 and < than 1 per cent respectively). Western forms of nightlife appeal to the respondents, as can be seen from the high percentage going to discotheques (31 per cent). Awareness of current affairs from reading the newspaper on a daily basis is quite high (47.2 per cent), even though the majority of respondents only read magazines occasionally (32.2 per cent) or several times a week (18.3 per cent). Case Studies from the 1994/1995 Jakarta Marriage Values and Sexuality Survey: Increasing Premarital Sexual Behaviour The following cases illustrated sexual values, attitude and behaviour among middle class young people in Jakarta. Toni (male, 17 years old) was a street vendor selling stickers and motor cycle accessories.3 He had migrated to Jakarta from a village in North Sumatra to start a new life as a vendor: Following my graduation from junior high school in 1992, I migrated to Jakarta. I come from a village some 500 kilometers away from North Sumatra called X. Although my married brothers and sisters wanted me to stay with them in Jakarta, I craved to be independent and to lead my own life. So I borrowed money from my friends (also from North Sumatra) to start a business selling sandals at Roxy market. I lived in a rented house in Grogol with a group of friends who were also vendors. But then, I decided to move to Condet because my housemates had a bad influence on me. They taught me all about sex and going to prostitutes for sex. Now I sell stickers and motor cycle accessories, and I can make up to 20,000 to 35,000 rupiahs a day. During my junior high school years, many of my friends began pacaran (dating). Usually students at my school started dating when they were in year eight. I started dating in year nine along with fifteen friends of mine. My girlfriend and I usually dated in dark and quiet places or in a shed in the rice field. Doing Pas photo (literally it means taking a passport photo, but among young Indonesians it refers to having sexual intimacy with the opposite sex including breast fondling i.e. "light petting") with my girlfriend was quite common. My male friends and I often spent time sitting around and talking about sex; usually older friends spoke about their sexual experiences. And do not be surprised because we also knew about condoms. Condoms can be easily bought from the store or sometimes we got them from our friend whose father was a medical doctor. I know that two of my former neighbors in my hometown have experienced premarital pregnancy. In the first case, a year eight student fell pregnant to her boyfriend who had just graduated from junior high school, and the second case happened between a year nine student and her unemployed boyfriend who had graduated from elementary school. Both relationships ended up in marriage as the girls' parents forced the boyfriends to be responsible. I started having sex when I was fifteen. At that time a young widow (25 years old without a child) came to my room every night. She briefed me on how to have sex, and I had a sexual relationship with her for one month. Then I started to have sex with commercial sex workers. Sometimes my friends and I used one prostitute for the whole night and paid 15,000 rupiahs for her services. If I want to get full satisfaction I usually go to Dadap (brothel area located in the far east of Jakarta) to have sex. I never use a condom when I have sex, especially if I have it with a commercial sex worker. Because I already "pay" for the sex, I want to get the most out of it. Condoms can make it unpleasant, and anyway I always examine the commercial sex workers before I have sex with her so I know whether she is healthy or not. That is why I have never acquired STDs. My friends also never use condoms, but they never examine the sex worker before they have sex. That's why they have STDs (Lenteng Agung, 1994). Toni's sexual experiences with his girlfriend, a widow and prostitutes can not be generalised to other young Indonesian males. But his experiences on how he sought information about sex and the practice on going to prostitutes is possibly quite common among other young Indonesian males.4 Toni's story suggests that rural young Indonesians are behaving in the same way as urban young Indonesians in terms of premarital sexual practices. Permissiveness towards sexuality among rural young people was also evident from two studies conducted in Mandiangin village in South Kalimantan (Syaifudin et al., 1997) and Pakis village in North Sumatra (Hidayana et al., 1997). The above interview illustrates how adolescent males start to have premarital sex at a very early age. This kind of information would be very difficult to obtain from respondents using survey method because the social and religious norms forbid any type of sexual relationship outside the marital union. In the "1994/1995 Jakarta Marriage Values and Sexuality Survey", however, questions were asked on respondents' experiences of premarital sex activities. Premarital Sex among High School Students and University Students The following are quotation from 93 case studies from the qualitative research illustrating permissiveness towards premarital sexual behaviour. Achdiat (male, 83 years old, married, four children, originally from Garut-West Java, famous writer)5 : Having lived through several generations, Achdiat has observed and experienced changing values and attitudes towards the notion of sexual behaviour among young Indonesians. For example, in his younger years kissing someone was quite a rare and covert behaviour, but nowadays young Indonesians are more open about kissing, even in public. Although Achdiat admits that at that time mixing with the opposite sex was not as free as it is today, premarital pregnancy did sometimes happen. Condoms could be bought and making love with one's girlfriend could happen although not as often as having sex with a prostitute. In those days, making love with one's girlfriend and also premarital pregnancy were seen as very sinful behaviour, but "if you had sex with a prostitute" he stated "it was just like drinking a cup of water and there were no emotional ties and love involved." It was just for the sake of releasing one's sexual drive, which is natural. It was quite common for young men to visit a prostitute. At that time, males usually had their first sexual experience at 16 or 17. If they knew of a friend who had never been to a brothel, they would drag him to visit one. The peer pressure was quite strong. Males who had not experienced going to a brothel were seen as not grown up yet."6 Donny (male, late twenties, single, and musician): Donny's mother is an Indonesian and his father is an Australian. He was born and raised in Australia and only visited Indonesia occasionally. On returning to Jakarta Donny was surprised to find that young Indonesians are now freer and they seem to be facing a sexual revolution like the one experienced in America in the 1960s. "The girls are willing to say yes if you ask them to have sex with you and you can easily find a girl in Sabang street that will be willing to have sex with you. Among Indonesian artists, it has become trendy to be homosexual. So some artists become homosexuals not because they have the feeling coming from their intuition, rather it is because everybody else is doing it".7 Idris (male, single, university student, 24 years old): Idris had experienced premarital sexual intercourse several times with his girlfriend (Iin). Idris came from a very religious family and has a strong religious awareness and consciousness of himself. Idris felt very guilty when he had sexual intercourse for the first time, because he knew it was against his religious teaching although Iin always tried to persuade him. Iin has a very different background; she comes from a very well-off family, and had already experienced sexual intercourse with her ex-boyfriend. Iin initiated their first sexual relations; they had just come back from a disco with a group of friends, but they decided to go home separately. In the taxi, Iin started to arouse Idris by kissing and touching him. They went to a hotel and spent the night there. After this experience, Iin and Idris often had sex in Idris's boarding room in the afternoon when nobody was at home. Andri (male, single, college educated, from a well-off family: Andri goes to a private school where there are only 200 students. Most of the students are from well-off families and according to Andri, they are very free when engaging with the opposite sex. The teachers do not worry about the students' attitudes and behaviour towards the opposite sex and also students' involvement in drugs and alcohol, because most of the students are very serious about their academic achievement. The teachers are proud because every year almost all of the students are accepted in the government universities8 . Andri is one of the students who have been trained at Yayasan Pelita Ilmu9 to disseminate information on HIV/AIDS among his peers in school. I talked to Andri with two female students who also have been trained at Yayasan Pelita Ilmu. The following is Andri's story about his friends in school. Almost everybody in my school expressed their sexual behaviour towards the opposite sex quite openly. Among us, touching each other and kissing, even though we are not boyfriend-girlfriend, is quite common. I think young people are freer sexually because economically they are well off. They think because they are well off, they can do whatever they want to, so for example if they made someone pregnant, they can replace their responsibility by using their money. So I think young people who tend to be free sexually are from the higher economic class. In my school most of us are in this category, so they are very individualistic, "do not mind my affairs and I will not mind yours", so they are very free. For the girls, their parents are mostly busy, so they seek attention from us...their "brothers". The above cases suggest that young people of today and those of the past generation have experienced the same kinds of sexual behaviour patterns. Young men of both generations have been engaged in sexual relations, even though the patterns of sexual partners were quite different for the older generation compared to the younger generation. Young men from the older generation mainly went to prostitutes, while the young men from the younger generation are more likely to be sexually active with their girlfriends or friends. In Andri's case, one cannot generalise the sexual freedom that his school and peers have, as this kind of environment is not at all common in other secondary schools in Jakarta, not to mention Indonesia. Thus the case studies and latter results from the survey show strong evidence that premarital sex among the young middle class in Jakarta is increasing. Data from the survey on premarital sexual experiences show that the majority of respondents have held hands and hugged the opposite sex (see table 1). But university students and male respondents are more likely to have held hands and hugged than high school students and female respondents. Involvement in a more intense premarital sexual intimacy, like breast fondling, genital fondling, petting and intercourse is more common among the university students and male respondents than high school students and female respondents. University students (11 per cent), males (7 per cent) and non-Moslems (7 per cent) are more likely to have had premarital intercourse than high school students (1 per cent), females (2 per cent) and Moslems (3 per cent). Further analysis on respondents who have had premarital intercourse (seven per cent) indicates that the majority (65 per cent) had their first premarital sex with their boyfriend or girlfriend, friend (15 per cent), prostitute (15 per cent), perek (three per cent) and fiancee (three per cent). The majority of respondents had their first premarital intercourse in their house (32 per cent) or their boyfriend's or girlfriend's house (23 per cent). Some had their first premarital sex in a hotel (12 per cent). The rest had their first premarital intercourse in recreational places, boarding houses, a car or brothel. Seventy six per cent of the respondents did not plan the event, and 21 per cent of the respondents planned their first premarital intercourse, and three per cent of young men did so because he was motivated by the urge to try. Regularity of premarital intercourse ranges from four times a year to once a month (47 per cent) and other respondents have sex weekly and even on a daily basis (26 per cent). Table 1 Sexual experiences
among high school and
university students in Jakarta, 1995
Table 2 Respondents who had had
sexual intercourse:
planning, sexual partner,place where first premarital sex happened and frequency of premarital sex, Jakarta, 1995
CONCLUSION Younger Indonesians, constantly exposed to Western ideas through printed material, television, movies and the Internet, are behaving, dressing and eating like the young in the West, specifically the United States. Compared with the previous generation, Indonesian young people are freer to mix with the opposite sex, choose their own marriage partners,and develop a higher education and career. Their attitudes towards premarital sex seem to be more towards the liberal end compared with past generation. In recent times, the forces making diversity appear to be in retreat, and this seems to create pressure towards the homogenization of human experience. Much of this has to do with the globalising process of industrialisation and Westernisation, social changes and development of transport and communication (Jones, 1993:1). Pertaining to these changes and the weakening to some extent of traditional values, there is strong evidence that unmarried cohabitation is increasing in East and Southeast Asia. Experts have argued that in spite of changing social norms, to a certain extent, some of the traditional elements will remain strong, but patterns of more frequent premarital or extramarital cohabitation are certainly developing. McDonald (1995) stated that young people in Moslem countries in Southeast Asia, having broader influences from the West and more education than previous generations, are starting to have more control over their lives. Because of these forces, there is evolving a similar marriage pattern to that of the West in the 1950s. Marriages are a result of love, not arrangements by parents. Premarital sexual relationships are socially unacceptable but increasing, and contraception is only for married couples (McDonald, 1995: 5). It can be argued that even though there is less and less diversity (Jones, 1993: 1), 'traditional norms and values or idealized morality' (McDonald, 1994: 22) still support the culture within each ethnicity. This makes each distinctly different from the others. Even though the younger generation of Indonesia is behaving in some ways like those in the West, they are still very different in their attitudes and values. It seems that "idealized morality" existing in Indonesia, which is fuelled by religious norms, and teaching and traditional social values, and also in a way supported by some institutions, still has a strong influence on the younger generation. For they adopt Westernisation only on values that do not endanger their "idealized morality". This study concluded that premarital sex is evident from both the survey and in-depth interviews. The more committed a heterosexual relationship towards marriage, the more likely that there is a deeper premarital sexual involvement. Values towards premarital sex also drift to more liberal ends as the relationship moves further towards marriage. Even though it is difficult to understand the moral jeopardy, for someone to engage in premarital sexual intimacy is not easy to explain. Iit can be assumed that the decision to engage in premarital sex is reached after going through a complex phase of moral conflict, viewing premarital sex as a behaviour that is not acceptable to a behaviour that they can eventually be accepted. Indonesian young people are adopting more liberal attitudes and behaviours towards sexuality and yet they are not equipped with adequate knowledge of sex and reproductive processes. Western youth are more prepared and aware of what they are facing when engaging in premarital sexual behaviour. Indonesian youth, in contrast, are increasingly engaging in premarital sexual behaviour without considering the risks of STDs and AIDS. In this case, the promotion of reproductive health education (sex education) given through school curricula cannot be postponed any longer. In this regard, Indonesia needs to follow the lead of its neighbor, Malaysia. Although, ideally, Indonesian youth should receive sex education from both parents and from the school curriculum, the reality is that Indonesian parents are very reluctant to provide such information to their children. Thus how to implement sex education and whether to give sex education through school or family or a combination of school and family would be the next agenda for policy maker in the 21st century. References Bledsoe, C.H. and Cohen, B. eds. (1993) Social dynamics of high school students fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa, Washington, DC: National Academic Press. Hidayana, I.M. Nadapdap, A.S. Suwiryo, S. Marpaung, I. and Lubis, A.U. (1997) Perilaku Seksual Remaja di Kota dan di Desa: Kasus Sumatra Utara (Young People Sexual Behaviour in Urban and Rural Areas: Case Study in North Sumatra). Jakarta: Laboratorium Antropologi Jurusan Antropologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia. Jones, G.W. (1993) Is Demographic Uniformity Inevitable. Journal of the Australian Population Association, 10,1-16. Kirby, Dauglas and Cromer, C. (1994) A proposed high school students reproductive health initiative. Population Technical Assistance Project report prepared for the U.S. Agency for International Development. Martono, H. (1981) Beberapa usaha pencegahan dalam menanggulangi problem seksualitas dan fertilitas remaja (Preventives approaches towards problems on sexuality and fertility among adolescent). In Seksualitas dan Fertilitas Remaja (Adolescent and Fertility) edited by S.W. Sarwono. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali and the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association. McDonald, P. (1995). Syncretism: Islam and Malay family organisation, The Australian National University Reporter. Canberra: 28 June, 5. McDonald, P.(1994) Families in developing countries: idealised morality and theories of family change, in Tradition and Change in the Asian Family, edited by L.J. Cho and M. Yada, pp.19-27. Tokyo: East-West Center Honolulu in cooperation with University Research Center, Nihon University. McDevitt, T.M. Adlakha, A. Fowler, T.B. and Harris-Bourne,V. (1996) Trends in high school students fertility and contraceptive use in the developing world. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Cencus, Report IPC/5-1, U.S. Government Printing Office. Parini and Mudjajadi (1995) Pendidikan Kesehatan Reproduksi dalam Keluarga (Suatu Studi Awal di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) (Reproduction Health Education in the Family, a Preliminary Study in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta). Yogyakarta: Population Study Center, University of Gadjah Mada. Saifuddin. Fedyani, A. Rudiati, E. Rasyid, M.N. Paramita and Wibisono (1997) Perilaku Seksual Remaja di Kota dan di Desa: Kasus Kalimanta Selatan (Young People Sexual Behaviour in Urban and Rural Areas: Case Study in South Kalimantan). Jakarta: Laboratorium Antropologi Jurusan Antropologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia. Sarwono, S.W. (1981a) Pergeseran Norma Perilaku Seksual Kaum Remaja (Changes in norms among adolescent in their sexual behaviours). Jakarta: CV. Rajawali. Sarwono, S.W. (1981b) Pandangan remaja masa kini tentang seks' (Current view of adolescent on sex). In Seksualitas dan Fertilitas Remaja (Adolescent Sexuality and Fertility). Jakarta: CV. Rajawali and the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association. Suyono, P.K. (1981) Kedudukan orangtua dalam penerangan seks dalam keluarga (Parents' role as source of information on sex in the family). In Seksualitas dan fertilitas remaja (Adolescent sexuality and fertility), edited by Sarwono, S.W. Jakarta: C.V. Rajawali and the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association. Tiara (1994) Pendidikan Seks untuk Anak, Perlu (Sex Education for Children is a Must !). Jakarta:111, 14 Agustus. United Nations (1989) High school students reproductive behaviour. Evidence from Developing Countries. New York: ST/ESA/SER.R/111. Utomo, I.D. and McDonald, P.F. (1997). Middle class young people and their parents in Jakarta: generational differences in sexual attitudes and behaviour. Journal of Population, 2/2. 169-201. World Health Organisation (1989) The health for youth, Facts for Action: Youth and Reproductive Health. Geneva: A42/Techical Discussion/5. Xenos, P. (1990) Youth, sexuality and public policy in Asia : a research perspective, Reprints of the East-West Population Institute. 236. * Jakarta Middle Class Young People are defined by social status such as residential area which people live in, the type of school or university that they go to, ownership of house. The majority of people in Jakarta can be categorized as middle class. 1 Staff at the State Ministry of Population, Jalan Permata no. 1, Halim Perdana Kusuma, Jakarta-Timur, Indonesia and Researcher at the Center for Health Research, University of Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, West Java, Indonesia. Phone (62-21) 727-0154, (62-21) 727-0153 (fax). Email add. Iwu@siduga.bkkbn.go.id Main interests: reproductive health, gender inequality, combine research methodology (quantitative and qualitative methods), theory of social change, young people's sexuality, sexual violence and issues related to families. 2 I would like to acknowledge Prof. Gavin W. Jones, former Coordinator of the Demography Program, Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University for funding and making this study possible. I would also like to acknowledge Prof. Gavin W. Jones, Prof. Peter F. McDonald and Dr. Terence H. Hull for their valuable discussion. 3 All of the names used in the case studies are not the respondents' real names. 4 Talking about sexual experiences among male friends and the practice of going to prostitutes for sexual intercourse was also mentioned among other interviews and focus group discussions that I conducted. 5 Achdiat is a famous Indonesian writer, he stated that he want to be identified, thus no pseudo name was used. 6 Part of the interview on Achdiat was published in Femina, an Indonesian women's magazine; the article is about Gaya Pacaran Masa Kini (Recent dating behaviour) and my interview with Achdiyat was called Pergaulan Muda-mudi 3 zaman' (Three generation pattern of mixing behaviour among the young). 7 Sabang street is in the centre of Jakarta; its full of restaurants and shopping stores. This street is famous as a place where the young Jakartans loiter and where young females available for sexual services can be found, but they are not or do not want to call themselves prostitutes. 8 To be accepted in the government university is very hard. College graduates would have taken a very competitive preliminary test. It is also regarded as having very high prestige if one can be accepted at the government university because besides the high quality, people also assume that graduates from the government university are more able to find a good job easily. 9 Yayasan Pelita Ilmu is an NGO which focuses its activities on HIV/AIDS related issues. |
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