|
Chapter 3:
CHINA:Tianjin and Lianyungang
I. Introduction
Tianjin and Lainyungang are port cities in the north of China.
Both are of ancient heritage, though both have become important modern
port cities only in the last century. Tianjin is the larger of the two.
It lies on the Hohai River, about 50 kilometers up river from the Bay
of Bohai, which is partly cut off from the Yellow Sea by the Laonling
peninsula to the north and the Shandung peninsula to the south. For the
past century Tianjin has been the port city for the capital at Beijing.
It has been at the center of the major foreign incursions and local uprisings
that have marked China's past two centuries. Today, together with its
down river deep water port at Tangku, it is one of China's major port
cities and a center of trade and commerce for the north.
Lianyungang can trace its history back more than 2000 years, as a port
city and local capital in what is now Jiangsi province. It lies on a series
of small streams and rivers that flow into the sea just south of the Shantung
Peninsula. Its hinterland has traditionally been agriculturally poor due
to inadequate drainage and saline-alkaline soils. In the past four decades
irrigation and agricultural development have made this a rich mixed agricultural
area. The vigorous development of agriculture in recent decades has even
resulted in a slight rise in the proportion of workers in the primary
sector. As a port its development has been in part, and until recently,
eclipsed by the larger ports of Tsingtao to the north and Shanghai to
the south. At the same time, like all cities in the modern world, it has
grown rapidly in size.
Tianjin suffered a major earthquake in 1976, with the epicenter lying
just 100 kilometers from the city. Two thirds of all buildings were seriously
damaged, including about 40 percent of industrial buildings and 70 percent
of residential structures. Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless
and the basic urban infrastructure was heavily damaged. The destruction
offered the possibility of rebuilding, however, with more secure structures
to resist earthquakes, and a redesign of the urban layout to make it more
rational. A series of ring roads was built around the city, with radial
roads leading in and out of the center. Greenbelts were created between
the ring roads, along with suburban residential areas. Thus, out of the
destruction a new and more adequate city was created.
In 1990, a rail link was completed, creating a Europe-Asia "land
bridge," with its terminal point at Lianyungang. This has brought
rapid growth of economic activities and transportation, placing new strains
on the port facilities and the urban infrastructure. Major plans are now
underway to build up the port and urban infrastructure to take advantage
of the new economic possibilities.
To Top
II. Population and Port Growth
A. Population Growth
After a series of changes in administrative boundaries, Tianjin
is now one of the three Centrally Administered Municipalities in China
with Beijing and Shanghai as the other two. In 1989, the total population
of the municipality was 8.523 million with an area of 11,305 square kilometers.
The municipality includes six urban districts, which make up the central
city that has a population of 3.602 million, three waterfront districts
with population of 0.873 million and four suburban districts with a population
of 1.242 million. the three waterfront districts include the Tanggu District
which is the port area, lying about 50 kilometers to the east of the central
district. In addition, the municipality also includes five counties with
a population of 2.849 million.
Lianyungang is a much smaller city, of just over half a million, with
a similar pattern of historical change in administrative boundaries. After
many changes in administrative structures, the 1983 arrangements have
settled on a larger municipality of 3.4 million people in an area that
covers 6,327 square kilometers. The municipal government controls a central
city of 830 square kilometers with 552,000 people, and an additional three
counties, Gongyu, Donghai, and Guanyun.
To Top
The basic data on the growth of the two port cities over the past forty
years are shown in table 1, which summarizes the more detailed figures
provided in the appendix tables. Tianjin's 1.8 million population in 1950
was about ten times that of Lianyungang. Over the next four decades, it
grew somewhat less rapidly than Lianyungang, averaging 1.42 percent per
year, versus 2.95 percent for Lianyungang. Neither of these patterns was
steady, however.
Figure 1 shows that Tianjin grew erratically over the four decades. From
1950 to 1965, it grew at an average annual rate of 3.49 percent, then
it actually declined over the next five years, resuming a slower growth
rate, averaging 1.67 percent per year from 1970 through 1989. Lianyungang
moved from slower to more rapid growth rates. From 1953 to 1964 it grew
at an average annual rate of 2.88 percent. The rate dropped to 2.42 percent
between 1964 and 1980, and then rose again to 4.25 percent per year for
the past decade. These erratic growth patterns largely reflect changing
administrative boundaries. The central city areas of both cities grew
steadily over time.
The overall population density for the two municipalities is roughly similar,
with Tianjin's 770 per square kilometer slightly ahead of Lianyungang's
544. Tianjin's 154 square kilometers of central city, however, show a
density of 23,518, while the half million people in Lianyungang's 830
square kilometers, give a density of only 664 persons per square kilometer.
These figures have also changed radically over time as city administrative
boundaries have changed. In 1949 Tianjin's central city showed a density
of almost 12,000 persons per square kilometer. This dropped to 1289 in
1961, as the area rose first to 34,000 then dropped to 2,254 square kilometers,
then to 154 with the current population. In 1953 Lianyungang's city administrative
area included 1,330 square kilometers. This was reduced in 1964 to 740,
then raised again by 1990 to include the current 830 square kilometers.
To Top
Figure 1 Population Change
Table 1 Basic Data for Tianjin and Lianyungang
| Measure |
Tianjin |
Lianyungang |
Population
1990 |
|
|
Total Municipality.
Central City
1970
1964
1953
1950 |
8,704,600
3,621,800
2,627,760
---
---
1,801,523 |
3,439,700
551,524
--
256,997
187,561 |
| Area (sq.km) |
|
|
Total Municipality
Central City |
11,305
154 |
6,327
830 |
| Density (P /sq.km) |
|
|
Total Municipality
Central city |
770
23,518 |
544
664 |
| Port Activity |
|
|
Vol. cargo (000 tones)
|
|
|
1990
av.ann. % ch.
1970
av.ann. % ch.
1960
av.ann. % ch.
1950
|
24,370
5.6%
8,170
4.6%
5,220
19.4%
890 |
11,242
8.7%
2,629
2.2%
2,339
35.7%
110 |
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B. Port Growth
Both ports have experienced considerable development over
the past four decades, but their stories are quite different (figure 2).
As the largest man-made port in China, the port of Tianjin consists of
both seaport (Tanggu port) and river port (Dagu port). The seaport, also
called New Port is on the west of Bohai bay on the estuary of Haihe River.
The river port is located on the lower reaches of Haihe River. Tianjin
developed rapidly and became a famous city in the last century. But as
long ago as 1283, in the Yuan Dynasty, the site then called Zhigu Village,
was already a transfer place of sea ships, river boats and barges. By
the early years of the current century the government undertook renovation
and dredging projects, cutting the meandering course and straightening
and enlarging the Haihe River to three times its scale.
Figure
2 Port Activity
To Top
Beginning from the 1920s, the port along the river had been
developed rapidly. In the 1930s and 1940s, the inner port with small berths
in the urban districts was already overcrowded and unsuitable. The man-made
seaport, New Port, was built near the sea in the Tanggu area nearest to
Tianjin city. New Port has now fully replaced the old inner port in the
urban districts.
Today, the port of Tianjin handles the main export and import cargo of
the two municipalities: Beijing and Tianjin and several other provinces
in north and northwest of China. This port has a vast hinterland with
rich resources and products. Together with two hundred million population,
the region forms a giant market both for consumption and production. Founded
in late 1984, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area is in
the vicinity of the port. Railways of the Beijing--Shanhaiguan and Tianji--Shanghai
lines, and highways radiating in all directions from the port, provide
a convenient inland transportation network for the port. Door to door
service for container transportation can be provided by trucks. A Beijing-
Tianjin- Tanggu express way is now under construction, and its Beijing-
Tianjin part has already been put into use, cutting the travel time from
Tianjin to Beijing to just one and a half hours.
The new port has an area up to 200 square kilometers, of which land covers
18 square kilometers. The channel and the terminals in the seaport can
accommodate vessels of up to 50,000 tons. Vessels of 5,000-7,000 tons
can be berthed in the river port area. By 1990, there were 61 berths,
of which 33 were deep water berths, accommodating vessels of over 10,000
tons. In recent years the annual throughput of the port is around 18 million
tons, and has already reached more than 20 million tons since 1988, among
which general cargo took up 70 percent in 1990.
To Top
Before World War II, Lianyungangwas a small port with only
six berths. By 1989 there were 17 berths, of which 13 were deep water
berths, with depths of 12.5 meters. These berths can accommodate ships
up to 35,000 tons. Container facilities have been added permitting the
port to handle a wide range of cargo.
The number of ships entering port stood at just over 1000 for Lianyungang
in 1989. Almost 60 percent (591) were relatively small ocean going vessels,
with an average size of almost 9,000 tons. The 418 coastal and river ships
were actually slightly larger in size, averaging just over 10,000 tons.
In volume of cargo, Tianjin handled 24 million tons in 1989 against 11
million for Lianyungang. Tianjin's volume has remained about twice the
size of Lianyungang's for the past four decades, but the rates of growth
and the composition of trade for the two cities have varied considerably.
Tianjin's total volume has grown at an overall rate of 8.63 percent per
year, but the rate was higher from 1950 to 1970 (11.72 percent per year)
than it was from 1970 to 1989 (5.6 percent per year). Lianyungang showed
a different and more erratic trajectory. From a very small volume in 1950,
cargo grew at over 35 percent per year to 1960. It then slowed to only
a two percent growth rate in the 1960s, and resumed a higher growth rate
of over eight percent per year since 1970.
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In composition, Tianjin's foreign trade dominated domestic trade for all
of the forty years, except in 1960 when foreign trade fell to a mere 17
percent of total trade volume. Except for 1960, foreign trade has grown
from about half to about three-quarters of the total trade. For both foreign
and domestic trade the dominance of exports in 1950 has sf,eadily given
way to the dominance of imports, with a sharp reversal in just the past
five years. From roughly half, the export volume fell to about one-fifth
of the total in 1985, only to rise rapidly again to over half in 1989.
For Lianyungang foreign trade was almost non-existent as late as 1960,
amounting to less than 1 percent of total trade. It has grown very rapidly,
however, to more than half of all trade volume in 1989. Overall, exports
have dominated imports, but this is due primarily to domestic shipping,
which shows export-import ratios of up to 10:1. Foreign trade volume has
shown a slight dominance of imports over exports, with ratios around 1.5;
1 in favor of imports for the past two decades.
Tianjin exports a wide variety of products, from grain and livestock,
textiles and light industry products to machinery and chemicals. Tianjin
has become one of China's major centers of the chemical industry. Lianyungang's
exports have been dominated by coal as the single largest item. It amounted
to 7 percent of export volume in 1970 and rose steadily to 25 percent
in 1989. By 1989, however, a wide variety of other goods, including primary
products, petroleum and manufactures, also made up substantial portions
of the export volume.
To Top
Finally, in this general overview we can see that Tianjin is far more
wealthy than Lianyungang. In both cases revenues have grown far more rapidly
than population, though it must be noted that the revenue figures are
not adjusted for inflation. Tianjin's 4.7 billion ¥RMB revenues in
1990 implied 1,316 ¥RMB per capita. This represented a 1.8 percent
average annual growth from the 772 percapita in 1960. Lianyungang's revenues
for 1960 were just under 90 million, giving a per capita level of 350
¥RMB. The percapita figure grew at an average annual rate of 1.8 percent
(exactly the same rate for Tianjin) to reach 590 ¥RMB per capita in
1990.
These overall patterns of growth in the two port cities have been attended
by patterns of population dynamics that are in part similar to those found
elsewhere in the urbanizing world, and in part quite distinctive to China
and its population and urban development.
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C. Population and Development Dynamics
The
populations of both cities have grown through three major processes.
First, the cities have expanded their boundaries, producing a growth by
areal expansion. Second, the cities have grown by natural increase, or
the difference between birth and death rates within the cities
themselves. Finally, both cities have grown by migration from other
areas into the city. We can make the following general statements for
both cities about all three processes.
D. Areal Expansion
Tianjin has experienced radical changes in its administrative
boundaries and thus in the population that it counted within the municipality.
The changes are shown in table 2. In 1949 the city itself was just 151
square kilometers. In that same year another 22 square kilometers of urban
area were brought under the city's administrative control. In 1952 the
entire country of Tianjin was added to the city's administrative control,
bringing the total area to 2,253 square kilometers. In April 1960 another
radical change occurred, when more counties were added and the total area
grew to 34,414 square kilometers. That system proved ineffective, however,
and the outlying counties were removed from city governance, reducing
the city's area back to 2,254 square kilometers. Over the next six years
the area remained roughly stable, growing only slightly to 2,876 square
kilometers. In 1973 and 1970 more outlying counties were brought under
the control of the municipal government, increasing the area to 11,305
square kilometers. The total municipality has remained at that level since
1979. Tianjin's six central wards have maintained a constant size, however,
at 154 square kilometers. Lianyungang's area changed much less over time.
It was registered as 1,334 square kilometers in 1953, dropped to 740 in
1964 and rose again to 830 by 1990.
To Top
Table 2. Changes
in Administrative Jurisdiction in Tianjin
| Date |
Area (km2) |
Changes and Adjustments of Administrative Jurisdiction |
| Jan 1949 |
151 |
There were 11 Districts under the Municipality of Tianjin |
| Mar 1949 |
173 |
The City of Tanga was just under Tianjin as a District of Tangda |
| Oct 1949 |
173 |
The establishment of the People's Republic of China
Endorsed by the Central Government, Tianjin became a centrally administered
municipality |
| June 1952 |
2,253 |
The County of Tianjin was pur under the Municipality of Tianjin |
| Feb 1958 |
2,253 |
Tianjin was put under the Province of Hebei as its seat; administered
by the Province |
| June 1958 |
2,533 |
The City of Hanggu was put under Tianjin, becoming the District
of Hanggu |
| Apr 1960 |
34,414 |
(1) The County of Baodi and the County of Jixian were put under
Tianjin
(2) The District of Hanggu was transferred to be administered by the
City of Tangshan |
| July 1961 |
2,254 |
The Counties of Changxian, Huanghua, Yanshan, Ningjin, Wuqiau, Jiaohe,
Xianxian, Heian;
and Renqui were put under the Prefecture of Changzhou;
and the Counties of Jinhai, Baxian, Wuqing, Baoi, Jixian were under
the Prefecture of Tianjin |
| Nov 1962 |
2,876 |
The District of Hanggu was put under Tianjin again |
| Jan 1967 |
2,876 |
Tianjin was designated as a centrally administered Municipality |
| July 1973 |
11,204 |
Counties administered by Hebei Province including Ninghe, Wuqing,
Bohai, Jinhai, Jixian
were put under Tianjin so that 17 districts and countries were included |
| May 1979 |
11,305 |
Some Communes administered by the County of Zunhua, Hebei Province
were put under Tianjin Municipal Government |
Note:1. The administrative institutions of the Municipality
of Tianjin include: 9 Urban Districts, 4 Suburban Districts, and 5 Counties.
For Urban Districts, there are 6 Central Districts and 3 Coastal Districts.
For The City Proper, there are 6 Central Districts, three Coastal Districts
and four Suburban Districts.
2. All blanks in APPENDIX TABLES indicate data either not available or
incomplete.
3. Numers with an asterisk (*) indicate data for 1990.
To Top
E. Natural Increase
Both
cities have taken part in China's dramatic changes in reproductive
behavior. The death rate fell very rapidly after liberation while the
birth rate stayed high, producing a period of very rapid population
growth. Then from roughly 1970 onwards fertility dropped very rapidly
under a vigorous national family planning program, to close the
demographic transition. This reduced rates of natural increase to quite
low levels. This occurred in both Tianjin and Lianyungang, but it was
slightly faster in the larger port city. In both cases contraceptive
prevalence rose dramatically, and the average size of the household
dropped by almost two persons in Tianjin and by one person in
Lianyungang. The data are shown in table 3. Note that both cities have
become what demographers call "contracepting societies." That is, for
the great majority of the population, fertility is directly controlled
by the use of modern contraceptives. Tianjin is slightly more advanced
in this area than Lianyungang. Contraceptive prevalence rates in
Tianjin are slightly higher (97 percent versus 87 percent), rates of
natural increase are lower, 3.5 versus 14.2 per 1,000 population, and
the average number of persons per household is slightly lower (3.20
versus 3.66). That is, Tianjin's natural increase is about 0.4 percent
per year, while that in Lianyungang is about 1.4 percent. It is quite
likely, given current trends, that the birth rate and the rate of
natural increase in Lianyungang will decline to become more like that
in Tianjin in the next few years.
Table 3. Reproductive Changes in Tianjin and Lianyungang
| Measure |
Tianjin |
Lianyungang |
| 1990 |
|
|
CBR
CDR
RNI
Contraceptive Prevalence Ave. Pers./Household
|
30.26
7.53
22.73
<10%
5.05 |
(1960) 30.8
8.8
22.0
<10%
4.63 |
| 1990 |
|
|
CBR
CDR
RNI
Contraceptive Prevalence Ave Pers/Household
|
10.14
6.67
3.47
97.42%
3.20 |
18.58
4.30
14.22
86.72%
3.66 |
To Top
F. Migration
The official statistics on migration into the two cities show
very slow movement. In 1950 Tianjin registered an inflow of 355,728 and
an outflow of 220,126, for a net immigration of 135,602, or about 7.5
percent of the population. Both inflow and outflow declined through the
1970s, rose slightly in the early 1970s and then declined again. By 1989
Tianjin registered only 50,000 immigrants and 23,000 emmigrants for a
net inflow of only 27,000, or less than 1 percent of the total population.
Much the same happened in Lianyungang. In 1965, the earliest date for
which figures are available, only 3,685 are registered as immigrants,
against an outflow of 2,412, giving a net immigration of only 1,273, or
less than 0.5 percent of the total city population. Both in and out migration
have increased since then, but immigration has increased more rapidly.
Both in and net migration rose to a peak in 1985, then declined slightly.
In 1989 more than 7,000 immigrants are registered against an outflow of
over 4,000, leaving a net immigration of 2840 or about 0.75 percent of
the total population. These are, of course, only official registered migrants.
The figures are probably fairly accurate through roughly 1970, but over
the past two decades there has been a dramatic rise in what is called
the floating population, so that actual immigration to both cities is
probably much higher than recorded in official statistics.
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G. Economic Development
Both cities have
seen some changes in the overall structure of production and substantial
rises in per capita income and wages. Table 4 shows changes in the industrial
distribution of the labor force, in the industrial source of total production
value and in per capita income and average wages. As urban areas, neither
city has much labor force or much productive value from agriculture. Lianyungang
is, however, slightly more agrarian than Tianjin. It's agricultural labor
force has become 6 percent of the total, and the value from agricultural
production is 2.7 percent of total productive value. These figures compare
with 1.5 percent labor force and 1.2 percent value in Tianjin. Both cities
are predominantly industrial, with most of the labor force engaged in
and most of the wealth coming from industrial production. Tianjin has
seen a slight increase in the labor force in industry, 59 to 64 percent,
but no change in the proportion of total output that comes from industry.
Lianyungang, on the other hand has seen a decline in the industrial labor
force concentration, from 74 percent in 1960 to 59 percent in 1989. The
value of industrial production, however, rose from 67 percent to 75 percent
of the total productive value. The other major economic categories are
services and trade. Here Tianjin has seen an increase in the labor force
roughly equal to the decline in industry, but no real change in the proportions
of total production coming for the two sectors. Lianyungang has experienced
an increase in the tertiary sector labor force, from 25 percent in 1960
to 34 percent in 1985, but no real change in the value of production recorded
in the retail trade, the category that corresponds most closely to the
tertiary sector. Tianjin also lists value from wholesale trade, and this
remains a major category of productive activity for the city, accounting
for about half of the total value of production.
In effect, Tianjin has remained primarily an industrial and trading city,
with little change over the past three or four decades. Lianyungang is
a smaller city, with a slightly larger agricultural activity, but over
the past three decades it has actually become more industrialized.
Per capita income in Tianjin increased from 151 ¥RMB in 1950 to 812
¥RMB in 1985, in constant prices. In the next 4 years it almost doubled,
though in current prices, and thus not fully comparable, rising to over
1500 ¥RMB. Average wages of regular workers, those in state enterprises,
rose from 714 ¥RMB in 1965 to 1982 YRMB in 1989. The data for Lianyungang
are less extensive. They show a similar doubling of per capita income,
in current prices, from 1985 to 1989. Average wages have increased about
four times between 1960 and 1989. That is, both cities have witnessed
considerable increases in real income, and they emerge with roughly equal
levels of wealth.
To Top
III. Major Urban Problems
A. Urban Infrastructure
Both cities have experienced massive development of their basic infrastructure over the
past 40 years. At the same time, this development has attracted more people and has increased
the demand for more and better infrastructure. Table 5 provides objective indicators of the basic
urban infrastructure, and the urban administrators in each case have given their judgments of
the extent to which they perceive problems in different areas (see Appendix Tables A.3.3 and
B.3.3).
Table 4. Major Economic Indicators
| Measure |
1950 |
1960 |
1970 |
1985 |
1989 |
|
% Lbr.Frc. in:
Tianjin
|
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Lianyungang
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Income/Cap ¥RMB
Tianjin
Lianyungang
Average WagesfYr
Tianjin
Lianyungang |
0.3
60
40
--
--
--
151
--
--
--
|
2.0
64
35
1.2
74
25
245
--
--
472
|
1.8
69
29
1.4
68
31
261
--
652
504
|
1.4
66
33
6.2
61
33
812
743
1165
1025
|
1.5
64
34
6.4
59
34
1522
1530
1982
1782
|
| |
1955 |
1960 |
1970 |
1985 |
1989 |
|
% Value From
Tianjin
|
Ag
Indus.
Wholesale
Retail |
3.2
30
57
9 |
1.4
43
46
8 |
2.4
43
46
7 |
1.2
43
44
10 |
1.5
--
--
-- |
| Lianyungang |
|
|
|
|
|
Ag
Indus
Retail |
1.6
67
19 |
3.2
63
24 |
2.3
77
16 |
3.7
75
19 |
--
--
-- |
To Top
Administrators in both cities indicate that water supplies are
adequate. The data indicate that Tianjin has about three times the per
capita volume that Lianyungang has, but Lianyungang has a higher level
of coverage of the population with piped water, 90 percent versus 75 percent.
Electric supplies are also more extensive in Tianjin, as are sewage and
garbage treatment, and the extent of telephone service. The larger and
more economically advanced city has a higher level of these basic utilities,
though much of the utility is used for industrial and commercial activity.
Traffic volume and flow is much greater in Tianjin than in Lianyungang,
but the Tianjin administrators see this as less of a problem than do the
administrators from Lianyungang. This is apparently the result of the
more effective road system developed in Tianjin, which carries a substantially
larger volume of traffic with greater ease.
Housing data are not yet available in directly comparable form, thus little
can be said of the objective data. Both sets of administrators see the
homeless population as a problem, but not a serious one. Low cost housing
is considered a problem in Lianyungang, but the supply of middle class
housing appears adequate. For Tianjin the housing shortage appears more
acute to the administrators as both low and middle class housing constitute
serious problems, and even high income housing is a problem.
To Top
Table 5. Urban Infrastructure Indicators
| Measure |
Tianjin |
Lianyungang |
|
Utilities
|
Elect.: Power mill.kwh
kwh/p2,721
Water: mill. cU.m.
cu.m./p
Piped water coverage
Sewage kIn pipes
km plpes/1000pop
Vol Sewage treated (t/p)
Vol garbage treated (kgjp)
|
9,801.6
1,225
864.7
240
75%
2,467
6.85
22.56
483 |
675.8
46.7
85
90%
105
1.90
??
265
|
|
Transportation
|
Road length (km)
Vehicles
Veh/.km road
|
2,935
183,740
62.6 |
105
7,643
72.8 |
|
Telephones
|
| No. subscriptions Subscriptions/1000pop |
149,771
42 |
5731
10 |
|
Housing
|
No. Dwelling units
Percent owned |
701,194
14% |
36,273
34% |
To Top
B. Social Services
Table
6 and Appendix tables A.3.1 and B.3.2 provide data on objective social
indicators for the two cities; tables A.3.3 and B.3.3 show
administrators' views on social problems. In both cities the
administrators see their level of social services to be generally
adequate, and the objective data are in accord. There has been
extensive development of both health and educational services in both
cities, which is clearly evident in the time series shown in the
appendix tables. Although they both appear well served by health and
educational services, Tianjin is substantially ahead of Lianyungang,
and the latter administrators see middle level and higher education to
be lacking and in need of development. Each city has many h,ospitals,
clinics, doctors and public health nurses. It is interesting to note
that even with fewer doctors, nurses and
hospital beds, the citizens of Lianyungang have more clinics per
capita, and utilize medical services about twice as much as do those in
Tianjin. Primary school enrollment takes roughly all eligible children.
There is an extensive network of nursery schools, and the student
teacher ratios at all levels are both very low and roughly equal for
the two cities. Thus in these social services, Tianjin's greater level
of economic development and population growth does not appear as a
great advantage, nor as an obstacle to good services.
Table 6. Social Services
| Measure |
Tianjin |
Lianyungang |
|
Health
|
Hospitals
Beds per 1000 pop
Patient visits/1000 pop Clinics/1000 pop
Doctors/1000 pop
P.H. Nurses/lOOO pop
|
115
4.39
169
0.45
8.89
5.08
|
28
6.49
186
0.56
3.30
2.17 |
|
Education
|
Nursery students
Stu/Teacher ratio
Primary students
Stu/Teacher ratio.
Jr. High students
Stu/Teacher ratio
Sr.High students
Stu/Teacher ratio
Univ. students
Stu/Teacher ratio
Prof. Students
Stu/Teacher ratio
Total Students
Students/1000 pop |
283,390
19
371,005
16
126,994
8
34,711
8
52,800
5
94,200
8
960,494
267 |
22,089
16
58,000
18
24,464
18
5,201
12
3,109
3
3,774
10
116,637
212 |
To Top
C. Environment
As industrial centers, both
cities experience increasing air pollution, as can be seen in table 7.
Tianjin has reduced this somewhat by moving the more polluting industries
out of the city, and undertaking extensive tree planting project. Tianjin's
sulphur dioxide emission, however, is still quite high, just over the
standard for the Nation's "tertiary-class". Lianyungang does somewhat
better on this measure, achieving the standard of the "second-class" city
set by the State's Environmental Protection Authority.
Both cities have developed extensive park systems, but Tianjin has had
more success. Nonetheless Tianjin's central city of 154 square kilometers
is considered too small for its population density, which is 35 times
as much as that of Lianyung~ng. Thus the inner open space for Tianjin
is much smaller than that for Lianyungang, even though the percapita level
in Tianjin are almost three times that of Lianyungang. Tianjin has placed
emphasis on covering the land with green plants in recent years. The rate
of green coverage reaches 15.01 percent in central city, and there are
97 parks in it.
Table 7. Environmental Quality Measures
| Measure |
Tianjin |
Lianyungang |
S02 mg/cu.meter
N02 mg.cu.meter
Parks (sq.m.jpop) |
0.11
4.74
4.74 |
0.06
0.03
1.80 |
Note: National Environmental Quality Standard: S02 (mg/cu.meter.
Ave. year-day): First-class (0.02), Second-class (0.06), and Tertiary-class
(0.10). No2 (Mg/cu.meter. Ave. year-day): First-class (0.05), Second-class
(0.10) and Tertiaryclass (0.15).
To Top
IV. Urban and Port Development Projects
A. Overview of Projects.
Tianjin lists 23
major development projects, ranging in cost from 2 million to 2 billion
¥RMB; Lianyungang lists 30 projects ranging from 1.5 million to 1. 78
billion. These can roughly be classified under five major categories:
Port, Transportation, Utilities, Housing and Socio-cultural urban development
projects. The distribution of projects is seen in table 8 and in Appendix
tables A.4.1 abd B.4.1.
For both cities the most costly set of projects are for port and harbor
construction: 2 billion ¥RMB in Tianjin and 1. 78 billion in Lianyungang.
For the latter this is part of a longer term plan to expand port facilities
to accommodate the increased long term cargo movement over the Europe-Asia
land bridge that terminates in Lianyungang. The largest number of projects,
however, concern urban transportation, especially road developments. This
includes the series of ring roads and radial spokes that have reduced
Tianjin's internal traffic flow problems, and a similar set of road projects
to ease congestion in Lianyungang.
Table 8. Inventory of Major Urban Projects
| Projects |
Tianjin |
Lianyungang |
| Port Development |
1 |
3 |
|
Transportation
|
Roads5
Railroads
Air terminals |
10
1
1
|
-
2
2 |
|
Other2
Utilities
|
Water2
Sewage
Power/ gas
Housing
Socio-cultural
|
3
1
1
3
4 |
-
3
3
-
3 |
To Top
B. In depth Analysis of Select Projects
In
Tianjin one of the major projects involved diverting water from the Luanhe
River to Tianjin. This eased the water shortage for the urban residents
and industries, who had been forced previously to use brackish water from
older sources. The state provided 1.33 billion ¥RMB to the city, which
directly controlled all phases of the project. A second major project
used both state and municipal funds to extend and renovate the existing
railway station. A Third project involved the construction of a fuel gas
plant for domestic wastes, for which the municipal government allocated
700 million ¥RMB and which the municipal government planned and implemented.
A fourth project was carried out by the Tianjin Harbor Administration,
with 2 billion ¥RMB granted from the state for harbor and port construction.
The port of Tianjin has developed a large expansion and construction plan.
Based on this plan, the first phase of the construction project on infrastructure
and dredging was completed at the end of 1988. It has greatly increased
the speed of the loading and unloading. In the past, there was a lot of
silt in the port; for every tons of cargo loaded or unloaded, five tons
of silt had to be dredged out. As a result of intensive dredging work,
and the use of dredging-out as the resource of landfill, now only 0.4
ton of silt has to be dredged out for every ton of cargo loaded or unloaded.
Through phased construction, the port's throughput capacity is expected
to reach 28-30 million tons per year in the early 90s, and up to 52 million
tons by the year of 2000. Tianjin port will develop to meet the demand
of economic growth as a major international trade port with multifunctions
of commerce, industry, fishing, and cargo transshipment, bonded storage,
coastal industry and tourism. Moreover it will become one of the important
seaports of the inland country--Mongolia.
For Lianyungang three projects are covered in depth. In one project, the
Punang Heat Supply Center, used gas recovered from urban wastes to provide
central heating for office buildings in the city planning area. In this
case the state provided 160,000 million ¥RMB, loans generated an additional
300,000 ¥RMB, and pooling of investments from beneficial institutions
provided the remaining 1.54 million ¥RMB for this 2 billion ¥RMB
project. The Municipal planning authorities selected the site, the Municipal
Energy Conservation Office carried out the construction, and then passed
the completed plant to the Municipal Technology Center for Energy Conservation.
The project saved investment funds, reduced urban pollution, and provided
central heat to office buildings A second project extended the Maokuo
water supply plant to increase water supplies from 21,000 to 100,000 tons
per day. This was organized and carried out by the Municipal Water Supply
Corporation. The total investment of 20.50 million ¥RMB greatly alleviated
the shortage of piped water to urban residents and industrial plants.
A final project reduced air pollution by using gas discharged from a chemical
fertilizer production plant to provide piped gas for 25,000 households.
The state granted 6.5 million ¥RMB, and the remainder of the 28 million
¥RMB was generated by pooling investments from beneficiaries. Municipal
physical planning authorities selected the site and the municipal government
undertook the construction. The completed plant will be turned over to
the Municipal Gas Supply Corporation for management after its completion.
To Top
V. Conclusion
Tianjin
and Lianyungang are not strongly differentiated by the rate of population
growth. They do differ in wealth and in the rate of economic development
of the city and the port. The trends appears to have been stronger and
faster in Tianjin than in Lianyungang. It appears that it is the rate
of development, not only the rate of population growth, that affects the
pressure of urban problems. Tianjin is better off despite its rapid population
growth because of more rapid economic development.
The main reasons of Tianjin's more rapid economic and social development
are as follows:
In China's political and administrative hierarchy, the position of Tianjin
is much higher than that of Lianyungang. Being a Centrally Administered
Municipality, it enjoys much more attention and more political and economic
resources from the state.
The geographic factor is also important. Tianjin is located in the economic
center of North China, facing the Pacific region. It is 178 kilometers
from Beijing, playing the role of the gate of the Capital. Thus it is
an important strategic area that the central government has to pay much
more attention to. Lianyungang's greater physical isolation also implies
a greater political and economic isolation from the center.
Tianjin has a vast hinterland, which is not only confined by the national
boundary, as it is one of the terminals of the existing land-bridge that
crosses Asia and Europe through the Grand Siberian Railway. It now attracts
more and more attention from Mongolia as an outlet of that inland country.
This may change, of course, if Lianyungang assumes a larger role as the
terminus of the land bridge.
Tianjin has a much better cultural foundation than does Lianyungang. It
is one of the most important science, technology and education centers
over the country. In addition, it has a
long tradition of trade and commerce. Personnel resources of this type
are considered in a leading position in the country.
To Top
As a Port Administration Entity with direct control of its activities,
Tianjin port is far more independent from the Ministry of Transportation.
In 1984, as the first experimental part of the national economic structure
reform of ports, the State Council decided to transfer the leadership
of Port of Tianjin to Tianjin Municipal Government. The experimental policy
is to start "to cover the Port's construction investments from its
own income", and this has greatly increased the autonomy of the port
in its capital investment, port expansion planning, equipment import,
foreign investment attraction, and port staff employment arrangements.
The results of this experiment are obvious and promising.
In the 1980s, Tianjin had a powerful Mayor. He has now been promoted to
the central government as a member of the leaders for the state. When
he worked in Tianjin, one of his endeavors was to coordinate urban infrastructure
development with the overall social and economic developments, which is
a major problem in all cities. As in the area of urban development, he
was indeed the real commander-in-chief of all the important projects.
The authority of the municipal government has been greatly enhanced through
his activities.
Lianyungang is a city directly controlled by the provincial government.
Thus almost all of the larger development projects in this city have to
be negotiated with the province. As to the Jiangsu province the center
of its concerns is in the southern part of the Yengtze River, rather than
the northern part that the contains Lianyungang. In the natural conditions
of the port, however, Lianyugang is much better situated than Tianjin
New Port since there is basically no silt at all. In addition, the future
prospect of Lianyugang will be enhanced by the link of North Xinjiang
Railway to the Soviet railway at the Ala Mountain Pass. When this is completed,
by the end of this century, Lianyungang's opportunity for more rapid development
will increase substantially.
To Top
VI. Appendix
Table
A.1.1 Average Annual Climate (1990), Tianjin
| Item |
JAN |
FEB |
MAR |
APR |
MAY |
JUN |
JUL |
AUG |
SEP |
OCT |
NOV |
DEC |
| Mean Temperature |
-4.3 |
-0.5 |
7.8 |
13.3 |
19.4 |
24.7 |
26.3 |
26.5 |
21.4 |
16.1 |
6.8 |
-0.5 |
| Mean Max. Temperature |
0.2 |
3.0 |
12.8 |
19.2 |
25.1 |
29.1 |
30.1 |
30.9 |
26.3 |
22.3 |
12.0 |
4.4 |
| Mean Min. Temperature |
-7.6 |
-3.4 |
3.9 |
8.6 |
14.8 |
20.0 |
22.8 |
22.7 |
17.4 |
11.3 |
3.0 |
-4.3 |
| Mean Rei. Humidity (%) |
55 |
75 |
57 |
56 |
63 |
64 |
79 |
75 |
70 |
62 |
67 |
54 |
| Mean Precipitation (mm) |
11.5 |
18.9 |
30.9 |
73.5 |
59.1 |
33.6 |
209.0 |
94.4 |
68.2 |
0.7 |
21.5 |
3.5 |
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larger view
Table A. 1. 2 Population, Household, Population
Density and Day-Time Populations
| Item |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
Population -
Total |
1,801,523 |
2,250,549 |
2,095,801 |
3,018,369 |
2,627,760 |
2,724,210 |
3,026,498 |
3,339,761 |
3,602,000 |
Age
Group Under 15 |
515,432 |
1605599 |
|
|
|
2117965 |
1790218 |
1858356 |
|
| 15-641239663 |
2079901 |
|
|
|
4495569 |
5277249 |
6095084 |
|
|
| 65 and Over 58921 |
131361 |
|
|
|
364332 |
421611 |
570092 |
|
|
| Sex: Male |
|
|
1537600 |
1332752 |
1379587 |
1523455 |
1688785 |
1795600 |
|
| Female |
|
|
1480709 |
1295008 |
1344623 |
1503043 |
1650976 |
1753800 |
|
| Household-Total |
398878 |
483028 |
574917 |
612310 |
637365 |
686181 |
782630 |
971504 |
1101000 |
| Average Capita/Household |
4.52 |
4.66 |
5.05 |
4.93 |
4.12 |
3.97 |
3.87 |
3.44 |
3.27 |
| Land of Six Urban Districts (km2) |
153 |
153 |
153 |
153 |
153 |
153 |
|
|
|
| Population Denisity (P/Km2) 11,775 |
14709 |
18992 |
19728 |
17175 |
17805 |
|
|
|
|
| Number of Tourists |
|
|
|
|
|
|
38144 |
48431 |
125115 |
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larger view
Note: Population total are those in 6 central districts. For the municipality
total population in 1989 was 8,523,500.
For age group, population those in the whole municipality.
To Top
Table A. 1.3 Population, Birth, Death, Contrcaeption and
Marriage
| Year |
Birth Rate% |
Death Rate % |
Natural In-
crease Rate
%
|
Infant Mort. Rate
% |
New Born Mort. Rate % |
Preperant Mort. Rate
% |
Contraception Prevalent Rate
% |
Number of Marriage
(Pair)
|
Number of
Divorce
(Pair) |
| 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1989 |
42.02
44.59
30.26
14.30
13.51
7.96
12.16
15.85
12.56 |
11.65
8.43
7.53
4.71
6.29
6.40
6.19
6.10
6.31 |
30.37
36.16
22.73
9.59
7.22
1.56
5.97
9.75
6.23 |
-
-
-
-
-
14.7
12.6
11.7
- |
-
-
-
-
-
7.6
8.7
8.2
- |
-
-
-
-
-
1.9
1.2
2.3
- |
-
-
-
-
-
-
90.40
95.00
- |
-
-
-
-
-
-
62,283 54,622 45,592 |
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,349 3,390 6,545 |
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larger view
Note: Data are those in the area of six (6) Central Districts.
For number of marry and divorce, data are those in urban districts.
To Top
Table A. 1.4 Life Expectancy by Sex, Tianjin
| |
Male |
Female |
| Year |
At Birth |
At 65 Years |
At Birth |
At 65 Years |
1957
1960
1964
1975
1980
1985
1989 |
61.14
60.87
61.67
66.65
69.86
72.23
72.39 |
71.51
72.07
71.78
-
-
-
|
60.87
61.05
62.77
68.43
71.78
74.41
74.37 |
72.7
-
73.22
72.98
-
-
-
|
Table A. 1.5 Population by Age Group, Sex and Marital Status,
Tianjin (1982 in %)
| |
Male |
Female |
| Age Group |
not married |
married |
Separate |
not married |
married |
separate |
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-59
60-79
80< |
99.9
81.6
25.9
7.1
5.2
4.7
3.5
2.2
2.5
2.4 |
0.1
18.4
73.8
92.2
93.5
93.2
92.9
90.9
75.0
38.0 |
-
-
0.3
0.7
1.3
2.1
3.6
6.9
22.5
59.6
|
99.5
72.5
17.3
3.4
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
|
0.5
27.7
82.5
96.0
97.9
96.9
94.1
85.5
51.4
9.1
|
-
-
0.2
0.6
1.3
2.7
5.6
14.3
48.4
90.8
|
Note: 1. "Separate" includes by death and by divorce. 2. Data
are obtained in 6 Central Districts of the City Proper.
To Top
Table A. 1.6 Graduates By Educational Level, Tiangin
| Type of Education |
1950 |
1964 |
1982 |
Primary school (%)
High school
University and College |
286,016 (?)
56,335 (?)
14,009 (?)
|
2,390,000 (30.8)
819,000 (13.0)
107,000 (1.7)
|
2,171,000 (34.8)
3,248,000 (41.8)
177 ,000 (2.3) |
Note: For 1950 boys attending school were 278,897; not attending
school were 755,332. Girls attending school were 78,463; not attending
school were 775,871 in number. For 1982, rate for children attending school
was 99%.
Table A.l.7 Population Transfer by Sex and Location, Tianjin
| Item |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
Total Inflow
Male
Female
From Urban Area
From Rural Area
Total Outflow
Male
Female
Urban Area
Rural Area
|
355,728
200,458
84,439
76,506
208,391
220,126
137,839
82,287
96,763
123,363
|
157,502
83,679
73,823
61,880
95,382
244,886
162,487
82,397
88,687
156,199
|
140,006
92,108
47,898
61,222
78,660
75,757
51,644
24,113
49,9347
25,820
|
52,490
33,106
19,384
25,362
27,036
79,941
52,167
27,774
48,989
30,952
|
27,226
18,336
8,890
14,381
12,710
107,221
67,845
39,376
24,874
11,370
|
74,846
42,600
32,246
42,005
32,415
25,784
16,507
9,277
14,414
3,638
|
65,127
43,572
21,555
38,614
26,062
30,908
25,372
5,536
27,270
9,701 |
65,127
-
-
-
-
29,978
-
-
-
- |
50,309
-
-
-
-
23,095
-
-
-
- |
Difference in Inflow and
Outflow |
135,602 |
-87,384 |
64,249 |
-27,451 |
-79,995 |
49,062 |
34,219 |
25,786 |
27,214 |
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larger view
Note:Data in this table are those in the city proper. Population transfer
excludes those relalated to foreign countries and Hong Kong, Macau.
To Top
Table A. 1.8 Population Transfer by Age Group, Tianjin
| Item (%) |
1953 |
1959 |
1964 |
1969 |
1979 |
Inflow: Under 15
15.59
Over 60
Outflow: Under 15
15.59
Over 60 |
13.76
84.31
1.93
12.68
85.23
2.09 |
31.41
54.32
14.27
16.86
79.93
3.24 |
33.33
61.07
5.60
9.94
86.49
3.57 |
30.52
66.65
2.96
0.82
98.50
0.68 |
13.79
82.69
3.52
2.38
90.63
6.99 |
Table A.1.9 Population Inflow by Aim, Tianjin
| Aim (%) |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
For Employment
By Demobilization or Mobilization
Youth Return from Countryside
By Marriage
Assembling with Relative
For Education
Other
Total |
47.83
0.87
-
5.50
37.13
0.87
7.80
100.00 |
29.67
1.49
-
6.15
56.85
0.79
4.69
100.00 |
47.88
3.14
7.99
7.01
23.86
9.15
0.97
100.00 |
28.31
11.87
17.15
7.56
22.89
7.54
4.68
100.00 |
37.59
19.92
14.60
12.69
9.80
1.21
4.19
100.00 |
40.06
10.29
5.19
14.96
9.50
9.01
10.99
100.00 |
24.33
20.49
1.75
10.37
7.04
7:98
28.04
100.00 |
To Top
Table A. 1. 10 Changes in Employment
by Industry and by Three Major Industrial Groups, Tianjin
| Item unit |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Agriculture
Farming, foresty & fishing%
Mining
%
Construction
%
Manufacturing
%
Wholesale, Retail
and Restaurant%
Finance and Insurance
%
Transportation and
Communication%
Electricity, Water, Gas,
Heat, Production% & Supply
Services
%
Public Institutions
%
|
1,649
0.30
7,349
1.34
20,156
3.68
284,100
51.90
79,609
14.54
9,263
1.69
32,630
5.96
14,402
2.63
59,340
10.84
38,879
7.10
|
26,684
1.97
7,887
0.58
80,609
5.97
706,677
52.18
200,759
14.82
5,776
0.43
84,593
6.25
65,316
4.82
115,984
8.56
59,978
4.43
|
28,096
2.34
19,447
1.62
56,791
4.72
591,619
49.18
169,118
14.06
6,427
0.53
80,104
6.66
63,938
5.31
141,915
11.80
45,587
3.79
|
24,105
1.77
14,234
1.43
84,812
6.24
781,521
57.54
152,671
11.24
4,891
0.36
87,184
6.42
57,265
4.22
119,260
8.78
32,192
2.37
|
26,450
1.46
38,713
2.13
114,309
6.30
1,002,895
55.27
190,979
10.52
5,755
0.32
113,557
6.26
107,292
5.91
165,408
9.12
49,258
2.71
|
33,396
1.38
60,625
2.50
193,144
7.96
1,272,129
52.42
285,086
11. 75
11,513
0.47
137,429
5.66
132,982
5.48
235,907
9.72
64,660
2.66
|
29,580
1.43
36,415
1.32
230,368
8.33
1,426,506
51.60
335,879
12.15
17,811
0.65
156,856
5.67
126,752
4.58
292,406
10.58
102,127
3.69
|
42,000
1.50
36,000
1.30
226,000
7.90
1,446,000
50.80
342,000
12.00
23,000
0.80
444,000
5.20
125,000
4.40
334,000
11.70
126,000
4.40 |
Primary Industry
%
Secondary Industry
%
Tertiary Industry
%
|
1,649
0.30
326,007
59.56
219,721
40.14
|
26,684
1.97
860,489
63.54
467,090
34.49
|
28,096
2.33
731,795
60.83
443,152
36.84
|
24,105
1.78
937,832
69.05
396,198
29.17
|
26,450
1.46
1,263,209
69.61
524,957
28.93 |
33,396
1.38
1,658,880
68.35
734,595
30.27 |
39,580
1.43
1,820,042
65.83
905,149
32.74 |
42,000
1.50
1,883,000
64.40
969,000
34.10 |
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larger view
Note: Data in this table and those in 6 Central Districts
including state owned and cooperatively owned institutes.
Secondary industry includes mining, construction and manufacturing.
Tertiary industry includes those outside primary and secondary industry.
To Top
Table A 2.1 Port Activities, Tianjin
| Item |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
Foreign Trading (0000 Ton)
Export Cargo (do)
Import Cargo (do)
Domestic Trading (0000 Ton)
Outbound Cargo (do)
Inbound Cargo (do) |
47
26
21
42
18
24 |
90
70
20
72
38
34 |
87
43
44
435
249
186 |
355
146
209
194
131
63 |
624
163
461
193
109
84 |
506
144
362
320
162
158 |
930
295
635
262
98
164 |
1,315
230
1,085
541
130
411 |
1,648
761
887
789
581
208 |
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larger view
Table A2.2 Value of Exports Cargo by Country, Tianjin (0,000
US $)
| Country |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
USSR
Japan
Hong Kong (Region)
Canada
African States
USA
West Germany
Britain
Singapore |
2282
1505
1087
444
---
---
313
1341
--- |
2431
522
2664
487
1804
---
518
2142
271
|
1070
5336
4361
731
1727
1388
1344
3502
679 |
---
4962
6014
1929
7133
10597
1525
2651
1126 |
1194
9455
16819
2931
6718
14690
3918
5632
3053 |
734
22951
28151
3275
4003
19999
7956
9601
4617 |
2850
19105
18700
---
2946
---
2679
5918
2632
|
4286
26505
28395
---
---
---
8899
5380
5898 |
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larger view
To Top
Table A.2.3 Value and Quantity of Exports by Product Category,
Tianjin
| Item |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
Grains (0000 Ton)
(0,000 $US)
Textile(O,OOO $US)
Local Product(do)
Livestock Product(do)
Handicraft(do)
|
12
7,287
114
1,385
5,675
--- |
25
9,490
2,465
1,827
7,264
733
|
27
5,828
8,835
1,832
5,145
1,616
|
17
7,681
6,710
2,048
5,219
4,502
|
15
7,606
6,023
3,657
4,411
8,601
|
11
12,164
19,943
8,352
8,871
5,4 77
|
32
8,032
29,533
13,117
17,346
21,542
|
---
9,212
9,174
6,906
10,012
--- |
---
13,427
26,202
14,845
9,282
--- |
|
Light Industrial
|
|
Products(do)
Hardware and Ore(do)
Chemical (do)
Machinery (do)
|
132
674
840
163
|
379
1,962
1,170
878
|
882
5,239
2,176
451
|
1,748
6,352
1,694
1,295
|
2,521
3,069
6,295
6,142
|
6,940
3,986
16,432
5,831 |
9,419
13,846
9,414
3,305
|
8,031
10,347
19,328
22,464 |
27,222
17,758
----
---- |
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larger view
Table A 2.4 Economic Indicators, Tianjin
| Item |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
Value of Agricultural Production (0000 YRMB)
Value of Foresty Production (do)
Value of Fishery Production(do)
Value of Mining Production(do)
Value of Industrial Production(do)
Value of Wholesale Business(do)
Value of Retail Business(do)
Value of Bar and Resturant Sale (do)
Average Per Capita IncomeUrban<YRMB/Y)
Average Per Capita ConsumptionUrban (do)
Consumption Price Index
Average Overall Monthly Wages of Regular Workers (YRMA/M)
Effective Placement to Job Opening(%)
Waiting for Employment(%) |
18,297
949
2,316
35
106,379
---
44,569
--
151.2
145.2
114.5
---
57.44
15.45
|
29949
1757
5109
297
278717
532234
87218
6030
211.68
211.2
100.0
--
65.69
8.04
|
29370
2455
7452
2039
869985
940868
163039
6527
245.4
235.44
101.3
--
73.00
3.87 |
49110
2252
5968
879
598784
768611
130843
7108
239.88
234.0
96.5
59.5
77.21
2.24 |
54085
2561
3330
13287
978813
1036966
159261
5923
261.48
254.76
99.1
54.3
79.49
1.30 |
56780
1134
5190
53199
1473369
1235273
236004
10225
301.92
295.2
100.1
51.5
80.67
1.22 |
62049
1108
3162
37669
1970029
2212419
374968
15566
491.76
474.72
105.1
68.3
80.76
3.55 |
86354
1674
5057
64789
3124544
3191625
689523
30877
811.8
770.64
113.1
97.1
86.68
9.9 |
113581
1640
12773
90000
5763100
---
1493600
79188
1522.0
1291.09
102.7
165.2
--
15.5 |
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larger view
Note: Data in this table are those in the Tianjin Municipality.
Values are calculated as fixed price of 1980; for 1990 they are current
price.
For Consumption Price Index, current price index for each previous year
is taken as 100.
Regular workers are those who are working in urban state-owned and collectively-owned
enterprises.
To Top
Table A.2.5 Number of Workplaces and Employees by Industry,
Tianjin
| |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
|
Minning
|
Number of Workplaces
Number of Employees
|
2*
7,349 |
13
7,887 |
4
19,447 |
8
14,234 |
7
38,713 |
9
60,625 |
11
36,415 |
38
-- |
|
Construction
|
Number of Workplaces
Number of Employees
|
13
18,000
|
18
75,000 |
23
38,000 |
21
31,000 |
36
132,100 |
64
214,000 |
88
217,000 |
81
197,000 |
|
Manufacturing
|
Number of Workplaces
Number of Employees |
2,015
706,677 |
1,832
591,619 |
1,684
781,521 |
2,300
1,002,895 |
3,180
1,272,129 |
3,518
-- |
4,427
1,476,507 |
5,278
-- |
|
Finance & Insurance
|
Number of Workplaces
Number of Employees |
27
8,199
|
25
7,039
|
38
5,316
|
16
3,830
|
21
5,682
|
238
5,181
|
276
9,999
|
--
23,000 |
|
Bars & Restaurent
|
Number of Workplaces
Number of Employees |
194*
79,609
|
128
200,759
|
127
169,119
|
134
152,677
|
140
190,979
|
171
285,086
|
361
335,879
|
--
342,000 |
|
Wholesale & Retail Business
|
| Number of Workplaces |
298* |
253 |
158 |
372 |
443 |
482 |
490 |
--- |
|
Commercial &Tranportation
|
| Number of Employees |
32,630 |
84,593 |
80,104 |
87,184 |
113,557 |
137,429 |
156,856 |
144,000 |
|
Heat, Gas, Water & Electriicity
|
| Number of Employees |
14,402 |
65,316 |
63,938 |
57,265 |
107,292 |
132,482 |
126,752 |
--- |
|
Service
|
| Number of Employees |
59,340 |
115,984 |
141,915 |
119,260 |
165,408 |
235,907 |
292,406 |
--- |
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Note: Data of the table are those in the Municipal workplaces
and employees are for state-owned or collectively-owned enterprises.
In bars and restaurants, business, goods and materials, and storehouses
are included.
* Year 1957
To Top
Table A2.6 Number of Industrial Workplaces by Size of Workplace
and Type of Management Organization, Tianjin
| Item |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
|
By Size of Work Force
|
10,001 Workers and Over
5,001 - 10,000 Workers
1001 - 5,000 Workers
501- 1,000 Workers
101 - 500 Workers
100 Workers and Under
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4
18
277
478
1,741
2,832 |
|
By Type of Management Organization
|
State-owned Enterprises
Collectively owned Enterprises
Individual-owned Enterprises
|
166
112
6,080 |
219
753
-- |
1,137 1,076
-- |
973 996
--
-- |
1,145 1,661
-- |
1,194 2,570
-- |
1,180 2,991
-- |
1,267 3,993
--- |
2,100 4,130
---- |
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Note: For Size of Work Force data are those industrial enterprises,
which have their own economic accountings.
For Type of Management Organization date are for the Municipality.
To Top
Table A.2. 7 Changes in Employment by Industry and by Three
Major Industrial Groups
| Unit |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
Agriculture Persons
Farming, foresty & fishing%
Mining Persons
%
Construction Persons
%
Manufacturing Persons
%
Wholesale, Retail
and Restaurant%
Finance and Insurance
%
Transportation and
Communication%
Electricity, Water, Gas Heat, Production &Supply
|
1,649
0.30
7,349
4.34
20,156
3.68
284,100
51.90
79,609
14.54
9,263
1.69
32,630
5.96
14,402 |
26,684
1.97
7,887
0.58
80,609
5.97
706,677
52.18
200,759
14.82
5,776
0.43
84,593
6.25
65,316 |
28,096
2.34
19,447
1.62
56,791
4.72
591,619
49.18
169,118
14.06
6,427
0.53
80,104
6.66
63,938 |
24,105
1.77
14.234
1.43
84,812
6.24
781,521
57.54
152,671
11.24
4,891
0.36
87,184
6.42
57,265 |
26,450
1.46
38,713
2.13
114,309
6.30
1,002,895
55.27
190,979
10.52
5,755
0.32
113,557
6.26
107,292 |
33,396
1.38
60,625
2.50
193,144
7.96
1,272,129
52.42
285,086
11.75
11,513
0.47
137,429
5.66
132,982 |
39,580
1.43
36,415
1.32
230,368
8.33
1,426,506
51.60
335,879
12.15
17,811
0.65
156,856
5.67
126,752 |
42,000
1.50
36,00
1.30
226,000
7.90
1,446,000
50.80
342,000
12.00
23,000
0.80
444,000
5.20
125,000 |
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larger view
Note: Data in this table and those in 6 Central Districts
including state owned and cooperatively owned institutes.
Secondary industry includes mining, construction and manufacturing.
Tertiary industry includes those outside primary and secondary industry.
To Top
Table A.3.1 Objective Indicators of City Conditions, Tianjin
| Item |
1950 |
1955 |
1960 |
1965 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1989 |
Volume of Electric Power Supply (0000 KWH)
Volume of Domestic Gas Supply (000 M3)
Volume of Piped Water Supply (do)
Piped Water Prevalent Rate (%)
Sewage Pipe Line Per 10,000
Persons(/OOOOP)
Total Length of Roads (KM)
Total Area of Roads (0000M2)
Percentage of Paved Roads (%)
Total Number of Vehicles Owned
Number of Passenger Cars & Buses
Total Number of Telephone Subscriptions
Total Floor Area of Urban Housing (0000 M2)
Rate of Owner - Occupier Housing (%)
Per Capita Living Floor Area(m2). 74
Rate of Self-contained Dwelling Units
Total Floor Area of New Construction (0000M2)
Total Floor Area of New Housing (do)
Volume of Cargo Transportation (0000 ton)
Volume of Public Transportation for
Passenger (0000 pot)
Number of Hospitals
Number of Beds in Hospitals
Cumulative total of Inpatients (0000 pot)
Cumulative Total of Outpatients (do)
Number of Clinics
Number of Physicians
Number of Dentists
Number of Public Health Nurses
Volume of Garbage Treated (0000 ton)
Volume of Sewage Treated (do)
Number of Welfare Facilities for Children
Capacity of Welfare Facilities for Children (p)
Number of Welfare Facilities for Elderly
Capacity of Welfare Facilities for Elderly (p)
Number of Welfare Facilities for Disabled
Capacity of Welfare Facilities for Disabled (p)
Number of Social Welfare Facilities
Capacity of Social Welfare Facilities (p)
Volume of Sulfur Dioxide Discharged (OOOOT)
Rate of Traffic Accidents (Case/OOOOO P)
Structural Reinforcement for Aseismic (0000M2)
Per Capita Green Area (M2/p)
Public Bond Repayment Rate (%)
Budget for Structural Reinforcement for
Aseismic (0000 YRMB)
Fire-fighting Machines
Number of Nursery Schools
Teachers in Nursery Schools (p)
Students in Nursery Schools
Number in Primary Schools
Teachers in Primary Schools (p)
Students in Primary Schools (p)
Teachers in Junior High Schools (p)
Students in Junior High Schools (p)
Teachers in Senior High Schools (p)
Students in Senior High Schools (p)
Number of Universities and Colleges
Teachers in Universities and Colleges (p)
Students in Universities and Colleges (p)
Number of Professional Schools
Teachers in Professional Schools (p)
Students in Professional Schools (p) |
32,909
--
--
---
----
---
288
259
1000
2,709
1,124
20,880
1,085.9
---
3.54
---
---
---
---
---
---
180
2,450
--
---
202
2,660
---
1,129
54
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
0.72
---
---
---
---
---
80
2,059
434
---
179,629
---
20,249
---
6,350
10
753
5,738
19
473
6,339 |
60,560
--
--
---
---
---
498
425
100
3,259
1,042
21,785
1,372.5
---
3.04
19.0
89.83
29.62
---
---
---
608
5,386
9.3
---
560
4,525
---
2,459
56
----
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.67
---
---
---
---
---
423
8,576
392
---
289,277
---
89,993
---
14,805
6
1,691
11,399
28
1,031
13,741 |
183,699
---
---
---
---
----
623
536
100
8,167
1,705
39,171
1,500.41
---
3.00
29.0
171.54
26.67
---
---
---
898
1l,439
16.3
16.3
1,624
6,857
---
4,665
94
----
---
---
---
---
----
---
---
----
---
---
---
3.95
---
---
---
---
---
3,633
81,208
479
---
566,587
---
81,003
---
31,844
20
4,400
31,673
121
2,292
27,058 |
210,005
---
---
---
---
---
652
564
100
9,063
1,825
40,843
1,652.0
---
3.70
33.0
86.86
26.61
---
---
---
1,909
13,552
17.0
17.0
1,603
10,585
---
7,017
101
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
----
---
----
---
----
3.25
---
---
---
---
---
1, | |
