|
Chapter 7:
Republic of Korea: Pussan and Mokpo
I. Introduction
Korea achieved very rapid economic growth during a
very short period of time. 1992 will mark the 30th year of development
endeavor since its first five-year economic development plan was
started in 1962. During these three decades, per capita income in
nominal dollar terms, has increased about 50 times. In general,
development means industrialization which, with few exceptions, brings
about urbanization. In the case of rapid development of the late
starters, these changes occur almost simultaneously. Fast change in
this case inevitably results in unbalanced growth in every field:
industry, regional development, technology and quality of life, etc. It
is difficult to make value judgments on the development strategy;
whether a balanced or unbalanced approach was more desirable and so
forth. It will be necessary to review the process of change and
identify problems that have developed.
The two port cities selected in this study, Pusan and Mokpo differ in
significant ways. Pusan is located in the southeast of the Korean
Peninsula, whereas Mokpo is in the southwest. Pusan faces the Korean
Strait and the Pacific Ocean; Mokpo faces the Yellow Sea. Pusan is
geographically closer to Japan and Mokpo is closer to China. The west
coast has a greater tidal difference than the east coast. Pusan is a
port of entry for the southeast industrial areas while Mokpo serves the
agricultural areas where rice predominates.
Both Pusan and Mokpo opened their ports in the late 19th Century with
almost the same sized populations. After one hundred years, however,
the two cities are quite different in many respects. Pusan was used by
invading Japanese forces in the 15th Century as a port of entry. It was
also used when Japan colonized Korea in the 19th Century. Japan wanted
to extend its control to Manchuria and China through Korea so a railway
was constructed from Pusan to Sinuiju in the northwest, as a logistic
line. Actually the Pusan port was developed after the colonial Japanese
reclaimed the waterfront for the piers to construct the railroad. The
colonial Japanese sold their manufacturing products to Korea in
exchange for raw materials, especially rice. Mokpo was the main port
for exporting rice to Japan and thus it was also developed and expanded
during the period of Japanese rule.
To Top
When the Korean military government started its
first five-year economic development plan in 1962, it chose to develop
regions along the axis connecting Seoul and Pusan. This was an
unbalanced development policy designed to take advantage of exiting
infrastructure. In the process of development, the west was
discriminated against in both absolute and relative terms. The people
in this area claimed that it was political decision. Pusan and Mokpo
are two representative cities in this sense as well. Quantitatively,
Pusan grew very rapidly and Mokpo relatively slowly. The performance of
the two cities, over the last thirty years, are compared in several
sections.
After thirty years of rapid change, the Korean economy has encountered
a turning point. It must adjust the pattern of high growth to a
somewhat slower pace and solve the economic, social, and political
conflicts and contradictions revealed by rapid development. Balancing
regional development is an important task for the Korean economy. The
western region, including Mokpo, has started a new regional development
plan with that in mind. It is an ambitious plan to keep pace with a
broader Yellow Sea rim development.
It is important to note that such development is
not always good or preferable. As explained below, even though Mokpo
has been hindered by a slower growth so far, it has been relatively
free from the problems of rapid urbanization such as concentration of
population, urban traffic and transportation congestion, and pollution.
Since Mokpo started later it can benefit from the mistakes made in
other urban areas. In the context of life cycle theory, Mokpo is in the
rapidly growing phase while Pusan is in the maturing phase. This does
not mean that Pusan has been blessed with favorable conditions. Pusan
has been a distant second next to Seoul in almost every field.
To Top
It is difficult to compare Pusan and Mokpo directly
because of the complex government structure. The local administration
system of Korea is such that the nation is divided into one special
city (Seoul), five metropolitan governments (Pusan, Daegu, Inchon,
Kwangju and Daejon) each under the direct control of central
government, and nine Dos. Each Do is subdivided into Si or Gun
depending on the character of region; Si is a urban city and Gun is a
rural area. Each Si has Dong as a next lower administrative level; Guns
are divided into Eups or Myuns and then finally Lis below. The special
city and metropolitan cities are divided into Gus which is equivalent
to a large Si and each Gu is divided into Dong. Pusan is a metropolitan
city and Mokpo is a Si. There are 67 Sis, 67 Gus and 137 Guns in 1989.
Mokpo belongs to the J eonlanamdo.
Because of the different administrative units, one must be careful when
comparing the two cities. Since the local autonomy system has been
implemented this year after 30 years of central rule, direct contrasts
over the past 30 years may be complicated. However there should be no
serious problems with comparisons from the standpoint of two cities of
similar size which opened their ports about one hundred years ago.
For this study we interviewed directors of related department (Bureau)
of two city governments. In Pusan's case, the Deputy Mayor was also
interviewed twice for the inquiry itself and for the cooperation of the
survey. Various city publications and statistics were also used for the
analysis. Questions were developed on the basis of our own purpose and
the results of the 1989/90 Asian Urban Inquiry published by the Asian
Urban Information Center of Kobe.
To Top
II. General Background
A. Historical Background
Pusan
and Mokpo are two of the oldest ports in Korea; opening in 1887 and
1897 respectively. Up to 1940 they were among the three largest trade
ports in Korea and both were initially developed under the Japanese
colonial system for the purpose of trade and ocean transportation.
1. Pusan
Pusan is a naturally endowed port with 5.5 square
kilometers of inner water area and 17.5 kilometers of coastal wall. It
has twelve official piers and twenty more loading and unloading points
for ships. Located at the southeast edge of the Korean Peninsula and
facing the Korean Strait and Pacific Ocean, it was used from the
beginning as a main gateway for the import of men and commodities, both
military and civilian. The port was the southern end of a major
railroad line connecting cities of Pusan, Seoul, Pyungyang and Sinuiju.
Pusan has been a development priority since the opening of its port.
After World War II and throughout the Korean War, Pusan was used as a
offloading point for American military and civilian shipments for the
war and for reconstruction.
The inception of the economic development plan of the early 60's caused
Pusan to become the busiest and most important port for international
trade. Pusan handles about 95 percent of all the containerized cargo
today. In 1990, it handled about 63 million tons of cargo which is 24.6
percent of the nation's total. However, recently the relative
importance of the port has been slowly declining in the Korean economy
because of the rising inefficiency and costs due to the port and
surface congestion. The port has been expanded twice with the third
expansion project in progress. The fourth expansion is planned for
completion in the next century but even that will not alleviate the
shortage of port facilities.
To Top
2. Mokpo
Mokpo is also a natural port on the southwest edge
of Korea. It is the main gate to Korea's largest rice growing area and
the newly industrializing western region. The colonial Japanese rulers
used Mokpo as the main terminal of rice export from Korea to Japan
because of its location. That is why Mokpo was one of the three largest
trade ports and the sixth largest city in Korea during the 1930's.
Since Mokpo is located on the West Coast, which has a high tidal
difference, it could not accommodate large ships. The cessation of
grain export to Japan at the end of the colonial rule significantly
changed the role of the Mokpo's port. In 1945 Mokpo became an import
center for grain, fertilizer and petroleum. The slower
industrialization of western Korea resulted from the central economic
development plan, which neglected Mokpo and left it a relatively slow
growing city with a stagnant port. Lacking its own industrial base,
Mokpo has not yet become a regional growth center. However the newly
established western coast development plan combined with evolving
Yellow Sea trade and economic cooperation enhance Mokpo's prospects for
the future.
Both Pusan and Mokpo have expanded their administrative boundaries over
the past thirty years. Pusan had increased its area by a factor of 2.4
whereas Mokpo enlarged by 4.4 times. Mokpo became less dense over the
period and as did Pusan since 1980 because of an expanded city
boundary.
To Top
B. Demographic Dynamics
1. Population Structure
The trend of population is shown in table 1 and
figure 1. Comparing the trend of population change in Pusan and Mokpo,
the two cities had shown almost the same growth rates, around 5 to 8
percent per year, before the Korean War. The role of Pusan port for the
War and the inflow of refugees during the War produced a very rapid
population growth in Pusan. The population almost doubled, from 471,000
to 844,000 in the two years 1949-51. After the war, immigration
continued into Pusan and the growing trend of population was
accelerated since the second five-year economic development plan. While
Pusan was experiencing annual growth rates of about 14 percent, Mokpo
remained almost stagnant, growing by only 0.2 percent per year from
1949 through 1955.
In 1949, the population of Pusan and Mokpo were 470,750 and 111,128,
respectively, a ratio of 4:1. This ratio had changed to 15:1 by 1989,
with the population reaching 3,857,312 and 251,490 respectively. The
rapid urbanization of the past three decades caused Pusan's population
to increase about 3.3 times while Mokpo increased about 1. 7 times.
To Top
Table 1. Population Trend for Pusan and Mokpo,
1897-1990
| Year |
Pusan |
Mokpo |
Year |
Pusan |
Mokpo |
1897
1902
1904
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949 |
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
106642
146098
139538
148156
156429
163814
202068
206386
213142
213744
232690
240033
281160
334318
325312
328294
281160
362920
438505
501890
470750 |
2806
4755
6466
8193
8853
10655
12222
13052
13558
12015
11817
13121
12487
13681
15311
19701
17945
22028
22233
23854
25762
31827
33062
52511
53165
55167
59094
60005
62457
65572
68531
64256
69965
n.a.
72981
69269
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
111128 |
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990 |
n.a.
844134
850192
827570
840180
1049363
1002391
1019427
1044581
1087243
1163671
1163518
1270625
1360630
1399859
1419808
1426019
1463325
1552009
1675570
1842259
1943958
2015162
2071950
2306041
2450125
2573713
2697949
2879570
3034596
3159766
3249643
3343783
3395171
3495289
3514798
3578844
3654097
3750626
3857312
3979566 |
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
113626
104775
108482
122012
128985
129650
127252
142640
149675
154241
157382
162116
166277
168192
n.a.
174006
182485
186862
194528
192958
196854
203104
210922
216867
221814
226747
229292
228075
232446
236085
239774
248748
250145
251490
253423
|
n.a.: not available
To
Top
Figure 1. Population Change
Both cities have experienced a decline in the rate
of growth, but Pusan's rate remained about one percentage point above
Mokpo's throughout the period. Considering the very rapid urbanization
and concentration of population in other cities over the same time
period, Mokpo's population growth rate is relatively low and it
reflects the slower industrial growth of the city. This relative
difference in population growth is mainly related to economic
activities in the two regions.
To Top
a. Pusan
After the Korean War, Pusan's population grew very
rapidly until 1975, when the rate of growth leveled off to about 5
percent per year, and then declined to just over 2 percent per year in
the 1980's. Since most of the population growth was attributable to
immigration from other regions, including Jeonnam where the city of
Mokpo belongs, the change in the trend predominantly reflects the
variation in the manufacturing sector employment opportunities. Because
of the industrial life cycle, Pusan had to change its industrial
structure from labor intensive to a diversified base and that was
closely related to labor force migration. Since the opening of its
port, Pusan had always experienced a net immigration until1989 when
emigration predominated. It is too early to say that Pusan's
immigration will not increase from now on but the flow of migrants will
differ from the past thirty years.
Analyzing the population growth by factor, net migration has been the
dominant source of growth in the post war period, until the 1980s. As
table 2 shows, even as late as 1975, net in-migration was four times as
great as natural increase. By 1980, however, natural increase had moved
ahead of net in migration, and has continued to dominate as a source of
growth in the face of declining in migration. Since 1980, immigration
has showed a declining trend in all Korean cities except the satellite
cities of Seoul and cities having industrial complexes. This is partly
the result of government policies emphasizing balanced regional growth
and restraining concentration of population. Pusan experienced three
periods of boundary expansion, after 1960, 1975, and 1985, but the
expansion has not significantly contributed to the population growth.
Population change by ward, seen in table 3, shows a typical trend in
advanced countries. Since 1970, the population in the older central
part of the city began to decline. The suburb or new areas expanded
rapidly. The population change of Chung-gu which is a representative
CBD in Pusan was the first of those central areas.
To Top
B. Mokpo
Mokpo shows a somewhat irregular trend in
population change. The population grew at a decreasing rate until 1975,
when it showed an unusual jump, growing at an average annual rate of
2.8 per cent until 1980, when it resumed its downward movement. The
extraordinary increase from 1975 to . 1980 was caused by the opening of
a new industrial complex. Mokpo also shows a net emigration from 1985
but the population size is influenced more by the expanding city area.
Analyzing the population increase by factor, natural increase has been
the major source of growth except the period when a new industrial
complex induced outside workers to move in. Even then, as table 4
shows, net in migration amounted only to 1.5 or 2 times the level of
natural increase, substantially below the comparable figure for Pusan.
Overall for the past three decades, Mokpo has experienced a negative
net migration. Like Pusan, Mokpo also experienced three periods of area
expansion, following 1960, 1970-, and 1985. This did not substantially
affect the population growth however, as can be seen from a comparison
of period growth rates in table 4.
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Top
Table 2. Basic Statistics of Pusan
| Percent Increase Annual |
| |
Population |
from |
Average |
|
|
|
|
Migration |
| Year |
Total |
Male |
Female |
Previous
Period |
Increase
Rate |
Density
(P/km*2 |
Area
( km*2 ) |
Birth |
Death |
In |
Out |
Net |
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985 1989
|
1,163,671
1,419,808
1,842,259
2,453,173
3,159,766
3,516,807
3,857,312
|
578,748
698,395
905,351
1,222,153
15,780,367
1,738,871
1,916,907 |
584,923
721,413
936,908
1,231,020
1,589,399
1,777,936
1,940,405 |
10.9
22.0
29.8
33.2
28.8
11.3
9.7
|
2.1
4.0
5.3
5.9
5.2
2.2
2.3
|
5,297
3,941
4,935
6,539
7,310
8,093
7,333
|
219.7
360.3
373.2
375.3
432.7
434.5
526.0
|
---
---
---
31,739
80,732
55,782
53,284
|
---
---
---
6,917
13,415
14,760
14,835
|
---
---
448,577
805,979
904,252
821,207
790,991
|
---
---
376,059
694,445
853,118
807,752
797,649
|
---
---
72,518
111,534
51,134
13,455
-6,658 |
Click
Here to see larger view
unit: person, % .
*Source: Pusan Statistical Yearbook, each year.
Table 3. Population Changes and Sources of
Growth by Gu, Pusan 1970-85
| Gu |
Inc. |
Mig. |
Area Exp. |
Nat.Inc. |
|
(1970-75)
|
Pusan-shi
Chung-gu
So-gu
Tong-gu
Y oungdo-g
Pusanjin-gu
Tongnae-gu |
573734
-8144
39923
-14373
30749
-23082
196198 |
338003
-17054
6638
-22707
9166
145459
218160 |
0
0
0
-13252
0
-254567
-84846 |
235731
8910
33285
21586
21583
86026
62884 |
|
(1975-80)
|
Pusan-shi
Chung-gu
So-gu
Tong-gu
Y oungdo-gu
Pusanjin-gu
Tongnae-gu
Nam-gu
Puk-gu
Haeundae-gu
Saha-gu |
706806
-13328
-133161
-12972
-3070
-96388
107752
115191
338375
196653
208787 |
398783
-19512
-18258
-29306
-21420
9724
189981
68138
124132
38311
58451 |
35539
0
-131773
0
0
-149406
-143213
3988
183208
140579
132156 |
272484
6184
16870
16334
18350
43294
60984
43065
31035
17763
18180 |
|
(1980-85)
|
Pusan-shi
Chung-gu
So-gu
Tong-gu
Y oungdo-gu
Pusanjin-gu
Tongae-gu
Nam-gu
Puk-gu
Haeundae-gu
Saha-gu
Kangso-chulchangso |
355182
-7051
-22834
-20358
-2832
10462
147781
60374
47545
27663
62337
51095 |
94577
-11699
-34921
-32109
-17290
-25193
85077
21506
62614
9326
41398
-2469 |
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-50093
0
0
50093 |
260605
4648
12087
11751
14458
35655
62704
38868
35024
18337
2093.9
3471 |
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Top
Table 4. Basic Statistics of Mokpo
| Percent Increase Annual |
| |
Population |
from |
Average |
|
|
|
|
Migration |
| Year |
Total |
Male |
Female |
Previous
Period |
Increase
Rate |
Density
(P/km*2 |
Area
( km*2 ) |
Birth |
Death |
In |
Out |
Net |
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985 1989
|
129,560
157,382
177,669
192,888
21, 754
236,038
251,490 |
65,383
79,548
91,059
97,844
111,603
117,142
124,258 |
64,267
77,834
86,610
95,004
110,151
118,896
127,232 |
23.7
21.4
12.9
8.6
15.0
6.4
6.5
|
2.7
3.8
2.3
1.7
2.8
1.3
0.5
|
12,900
6,786
6,849
5,874
6,313
6,708
5,514
|
8.4
23.2
26.0
32.8
35.1
35.2
45.6
|
---
---
2,791
4,038
4,181
3,372
2,898 |
---
---
690
956
1,073
1,330
1,188
|
---
---
37,952
63,069
63,646
51,366
51,708
|
---
---
37.779
57.884
56.263
54.484
56.095 |
---
---
173
5.185
7.383
-3.118
-4.387 |
Click
Here to see larger view
unit: person, % .
* Source: Population and Housing Census Report, 1960, 1970-1985 and
Mokpo Statistical Yearbook, 1965, 1989.
Table 5. Households,
Population, and Area, Mokpo, 1956-1990
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Area 9km2) |
| |
1956 |
1960 |
1966 |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1970 |
1990 |
Hhods
Area
Pop. |
18682
8.6
104610
|
22878
10.44
129650
|
28309
23.37
162166
|
32947
25.96
174006
|
39229
32.80
192958
|
46540
35.10
221814
|
51703
35.19
236085
|
57879
45.61
253423
|
-
25.96
- |
-
45.61
- |
|
(Dong's)
|
Yongdangl
Yongdang2
Sanjongl
Sanjong2
Sanjong3
Taesongl
Taesong2
Yang
Pukkyo
Namgyo
Honam*
Chuk
Munan
Tongmyong
Yonghao*
YudaI
Manho
Sosan
Ongun
Chukkyol
Chukkyo2
Chukky03
DaIsong
Daeban
Iro
Samhyag
Chungmu
Yon |
577
-
1487
925
638
875
1052
1107
679
621
754
692
517
697
661
608
839
1136
782
976
824
971
978
286
-
-
-
- |
823
-
1971
1213
771
1028
1232
1242
734
700
982
830
558
964
815
747
1142
1441
937
1138
1012
1120
1107
341
-
-
-
- |
6431
-
12810
9484
8341
6822
7522
7575
4816
5099
6487
4931
3991
4150
7314
5406
7848
9539
5415
7132
6058
6793
6796
2248
5885
-
3195
- |
9397
-
9240
10482
9658
7226
8022
7259
4480
4213
6891
5322
3737
4433
6440
5653
7755
10300
5797
7724
6994
7279
6814
2248
6982
-
2810
6850
|
15897
-
11501
11827
10468
7592
7715
8110
4281
3926
6685
4735
3524
7700
6551
5460
7139
10316
5832
8556
7198
6152
6477
2938
10874
-
2864
8595
|
18697
13263
13846
12250
11888
7313
7798
7132
3971
3898
6635
4186
3438
14284
7340
4974
7151
10560
5510
8757
7437
5004
5446
3224
15576
-
2378
9658
|
20691
16622
11864
12227
12526
6690
7375
6349
3703
4093
5804
3919
3158
19454
6255
4649
6748
9256
5026
11936
6989
4756
4372
3203
25585
5563
2698
10137
|
22888
18353
10978
12187
14128
6242
6508
6773
3651
4113
5288
3805
3019
22969
6284
4053
6399
9589
4507
15281
6966
4125
4089
3257
27951
-
2508
11949 |
3.54
-
0.20
0.40
2.87
0.11
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.45
0.10
0.11
0.16
0.47
0.16
0.26
0.29
0.40
0.45
0.23
0.31
0.24
1.21
5.00
11.98
7.00
1.55 |
2.00
1.71
0.20
0.40
3.87
0.11
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.45
00.09
0.11
1.60
0.57
0.16
0.28
0.28
0.36
1.57
0.26
0.31
0.24
1.28
7.05
-
9.66
0.57 |
Click
Here to see larger view
* Central Business Districts.
1) Figures in the column are the number of households, the number of
population for these years are not available.
To Top
2. Migration
The origin of immigrants to and an estimation of
emigrants from Pusan are shown in table 6. Comparable data for Mokpo
are not available. Throughout the 1980's and in the prior period as
well, about three fifths of the immigrants to Pusan came from two
contiguous provinces: Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk. Currently, an increasing
proportion of immigrants comes from the metropolitan areas of Seoul and
Gyeonggi and from Gyeongnam, which is the hinterland of Pusan.
Historically all regions, other than metropolitan areas, were sources
of labor supply for Pusan. But the rapid development of other regions
made Pusan less attractive to potential migrants. In the past a
substantial portion of Pusan's manufacturing work force, 14.6 percent
of the total immigrants in 1980, was supplied by Jeonnam and Jeonbug.
This portion decreased to 9.8 percent in 1989 because of new employment
opportunities resulting from the industrialization plan for those west
coast regions.
Even though Pusan is the second largest city in Korea, it has always
experienced a net outflow of migrants to the Seoul metropolitan area.
This has been the cause of a regional imbalance and its attendant
structural problems. While Pusan has experienced a net immigration from
other regions, it has been constantly losing population to the
metropolitan region. In this case, most emigrants to the metropolitan
area are highly educated or well trained persons, leading to a brain
drain 1.
To Top
3. Fertility and Family Planning (See tables 7-
8)
As data in table 7 show, Korea's fertility has
fallen very rapidly since the beginning of its modern development
efforts. These efforts were also marked by the establishment of a
vigorous national family planning program, which was one of the world's
pioneer programs. Fertility decline throughout the country by about 68
percent over the two decades 1961-65 to 1985. Urban fertility, starting
slightly lower than the national average, declined slightly slower, but
still saw a fall of 62 percent for the period. Pusan and Mokpo bracket
these rates, remaining fairly close the national average over the
period. Pusan has had the country's lowest fertility rate after Seoul,
as might be expected from advanced economic position. Mokpo, on the
other hand has had a level of fertility substantially higher than that
for the nation as a whole. Despite these differences in levels, both
cities have been full participants in Korea's rapid post war fertility
decline.
The general decline of fertility rate in Korea was influenced by both
socioeconomic change and the family planning program of the central
government. The difference in TFR in two cities could be attributed in
the central government's family planning program, private family
planning program and other socioeconomic factors. Private family
planning and abortion in large cities have played a large, if generally
unrecorded, role. If we compare the achievements of the government
family planning in recruiting acceptors, table 9 shows that the impact
was greater in 1975-84 in Pusan but it became greater in Mokpo
afterwards. This, too, fits with general experience. That is, the
program made earlier advanced in the more economically advanced Pusan.
The method of the government's family planning up to early 1970's was
mainly temporary ones such as IUD, condom and pills but the method was
changed afterwards to more permanent ones such as vasectomy and tubal
ligation. In the case of Mokpo the method of permanent contraception
lags behind Pusan by about five years. In the past ten years the
sterilization mix in the two cities shows an interesting divergence.
Male sterilization, or vasectomy is gaining favor in Pusan but loosing
favor in Mokpo.
To
Top
Table 6. Origin and Destination of Pusan Migrants
| |
Origin of in-migrants |
|
Destination of out-migrants |
| |
1980 |
% |
1985 |
% |
1989 |
% |
|
1980 |
% |
1985 |
% |
1989 |
% |
Seoul
Daegu
Inchon
Gwangju
Gyeonggi
Gangweon
Chungbug
Chungnam
Jeonbug
Jeonnam
G;reongbug
Gyeongnam
Jeju-do
Etc.
|
29,202
------
-------
------
12,926
8,732
6,670
8,552
12,350
28,727
51,067
114,379
2,948
5,308
|
10.4
-
-
-
4.6
3.1
2.4
3.0
4.4
10.2
18.2
40.7
1.0
1.9
|
27,318
10,696
3,475
------
10,530
6,392
3,927
5,571
6,332
21,111
26,419
98,126
3,153
2,294
|
12.1
4.7
1.5
-
4.7
2.8
1.7
2.5
2.8
9.4
11.7
43.5
1.4
1.0
|
22,574
8,789
3,426
2,133
11,682
6,004
3,337
3,131
4,880
14,100
22,315
88,257
2,610
-----
|
11.7
4.5
1.8
1.1
6.0
3.1
1.7
1.6
2.5
7.3
11.5
45.7
1.4
------
|
Seoul
Daegu
Inchon
Gwangju
Gyeonggi
Gangweon
Chungbug
Chungbug
Jeonbug
J eonnam
Gyeongbug
Gyeongnam
Jeju-do
------- |
44,197
------
------
------
14,026
7,019
4,156
5,827
7,762
19,130
36,580
88,337
2,663
-------- |
19.2
-
-
-
6.1
3.1
1.8
2.5
3.4
8.3
15.9
38.5
1.2
----- |
41,464
9,576
4,362
-----
14,248
5,604
3,468
6,087
4,773
16,248
20,415
82,913
2,731
------
|
19.6
4.5
2.1
-
6.7
2.6
1.6
2.9
2.3
7.7
9.6
39.1
1.3
--- |
36,986
9,801
4,711
2,734
16,318
4,156
2,950
2,841
3,657
11,212
17,505
83,037
3,119
------ |
18.6
4.9
2.4
1.4
8.2
2.1
1.5
1.4
1.8
5.6
8.8
41.7
1.6
---- |
| Total |
280861 |
100.0 |
225344 |
100.0 |
193238 |
100.0 |
Total |
229697 |
100.0 |
211889 |
100.0 |
199027 |
100.0 |
Click
Here to see larger view
Table 7. Total Fertility Rate, 1961-85
| 1961-65 |
Country |
Urban |
Pusan |
Mokpo |
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
1981-85
1985
|
5448.4
4545.6
4011.9
2841.5
2185.6
1745.7 |
4398.9
3551.9
3378.2
2529.1
2005.7
1657.8 |
4262.3
3575.9
3379.0
2530.0
1925.1
1528.2 |
6170.5
5302.0
4364.3
3323.9
2539.2
1975.4 |
Source: 1961-80: the levels and Trends of Fertility
for Small Geographical Areas in Korea, 1984. 1981-85: Nam IL Kim etc.
1988.
To Top
Table 8. Total Fertility Rates by Gus in Pusan,
1961-85
| Gu |
1961-65 |
1966-70 |
1971-75 |
1976-80 |
1981-85 |
1985 |
Pusan-shi
Chung-gu
So-gu
Tong-gu
Y oungdo-gu
Pusanjin-gu
Tongnao-gu
Nam-gu
Puk-gu
Haeundae-gu
Saha-gu
Kangso-ch'ulchangso |
4262.3
3385.0
4498.2
3857.6
4321.3
4093.6
4901.2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a. |
3575.9
2879.1
3486.9
3429.4
3747.4
3661.1
3733.7
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a. |
3379.0
2694.7
2939.0
3141.0
3432.5
3406.0
3691.2
3587.8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a. |
2530.0
1929.3
2277.2
2286.4
2614.0
2377.4
2549.6
2540.7
2900.0
2712.6
n.a.
n.a. |
1925.1
1496.1
1712.2
1768.9
1952.1
1853.4
1933.8
1944.5
2110.1
2005.2
2202.1
2202.1 |
1528.2
1195.4
1364.3
1387.7
1530.9
1470.8
1590.4
1564.3
1689.1
1513.3
1637.9
1637.9 |
Table 9. Government Family Planning Program
Achievement, 1970-89
| Year |
I.U.D. |
Vasectomy |
Ovalligation |
Condoms |
Oral Pills* |
| (Pusan) |
|
|
|
|
|
1970-74
1975-79
1980-84
1985-89 |
94486
87930
77731
107836 |
6996
13561
31808
41892 |
1334
67488
103805
96035 |
8676
7354
8669
12999 |
8110
7103
7057
3789 |
| (Mokpo) |
|
|
|
|
|
1970-74
1975-79
1980-84
1985-89 |
8803
10140
5378
6620 |
211
659
1320
1129 |
272
1152
5583
5842 |
968
913
534
669 |
863
900
500
230 |
* Average Monthly
Subscribers
The ratio of female to male sterilizations has declined in Pusan from 5
to 2 to juts over 2. In Mokpo the ratio has increased from 1.8 to 4.2
to 5.2. This may reflect a more traditional atmosphere in Mokpo.
To Top
4. Commuting Pattern
The figures regarding commuting .population are
shown in tables 10 and 11. In the case of Mokpo commuting is not a
serious problem because of the small area and the easier transportation
situation. In 1980, 5,070 persons commuted to the Mokpo city everyday
and 2,221 person went out of the city for schooling or work.
The number of commuters for work and school in Pusan is naturally much
larger, and is also growing more rapidly. Commuters increased from 1.2
million to 1.71 million in 1990. The proportion of commuters to total
population increased from 38 percent in 1980 to 45 percent in 1990.
Among these commuters 19.5 percent move within the same ward (Gu)
boundary, and 46.3 percent commute to other wards. The proportion of
commuters to other wards is increasing and thus traffic problem is not
simply caused by the increase of population. The number of commuters to
other cities increased from 22 thousand in 1980 to 73 thousand in 1990
and that of Pusan-bound commuters increased from 15 thousand in 1980 to
36 thousand in 1990. The reason why Pusan bound commuters are much less
than out of city bound ones is a unique Korean characteristic, which
calls for a strict regulation of school districts.
Population difference by day time and night time by ward is most
distinctive in Chung-gu which is the central business district of
Pusan. There the day time population size, counting commuters alone,
was 200 percent of the number of registered residents in 1990. The rate
was 172 percent in 1980. Pukgu which has more factories than other
wards has the rate of 111 percent in 1990 and other areas are reported
to have less day time population than night time residence by more than
10 percent.
To Top
C. Economic Dynamics
1. Port Function (See tables 12-15 and figure 2)
The
port is an important economic resource that strongly influences the
regional economy. According to a recent empirical study about one third
of regional income of Pusan is directly or indirectly related to the
Port. Pusan was selected as a site for manufacturing industries from
the early stages of the development plan because of its locational
advantage. The decline of the port, on the other hand, is one of the
reasons why Mokpo has not been economically active during the past
thirty years. Examining port activities of the two cities, may enable
us to find a relationship between port functions and the economic
growth of the two cities.
a. Pusan
In 1961 Pusan could handle just under 4 million
tons
of cargo and could birth 32 ships. By 1989 cargo handling capacity had
grown to 31 million tons and the berthing capacity to 81 ships. Cargo
holding capacity had increased by a factor of almost 8 and the birthing
capacity by a factor of almost 3. During the same period, Mokpo's cargo
holding capacity changed from 320 thousand tons to 1.885 million tons,
increasing by a factor juts under 6. The relative difference in
capacity between two cities also widened from 12 to 17 times. Pusan
played the dominant role for most trade commodities in the past.
To
Top
Table 10. Commuting
Population 12 Years or Older by Place of Work or School, Pusan 1980
| Gus |
T. pop |
(a)/T, pop |
(b)/(a) |
(c)/(a) |
(d)/(a) |
(e)/(a) |
(f)/(a) |
(g)/(a) |
Pusan
Chung-gu
So-gu
Tong-gu
Y oungdo-gu
Pusanjin-gu
Tongnae-gu
Nam-gu
Puk-gu
Haeundae-gu
Shah-gu |
3159766
98525
236165
217585
213215
506161
677076
467932
338453
196807
208847 |
37.9
35.5
38.1
39.2
36.2
40.7
38.3
38.1
33.6
38.5
36.8 |
54.6
53.8
48.9
46.6
57.9
57.6
59.4
45.1
70.7
41.2
54.0 |
43.6
44.7
50.1
52.1
40.9
41.0
38.0
53.4
27.0
55.7
44.9 |
1.8
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.4
2.6
1.6
2.3
3.0
1.1 |
100.7
301.4
110.9
109.3
87.9
105.9
88.5
68.3
126.8
65.4
79.3 |
43.3
81.2
54.4
55.9
33.4
44.5
31.5
33.4
41.9
35.6
31.7 |
1.2
0.9
1.5
1.5
0.8
1.1
1.4
0.6
2.4
1.4
0.2 |
Click
Here to see larger view
(a) Persons going to work or to school regularly [ = (b) + (c) = (d)]
(b) Working or going school in the same "gu"
(c) Working or going school in other "guns"
(d) Working/studying in place other than Pusan city
(e) all persons working/studying in the "gu"
(f) Persons coming for working/studying other "guns" in Pusan city
(g) Persons coming for working/studying from places other than Pusan
city.
To Top
Table 11. Commuting Population 12 Years or Older
by Origin and Destination
Mokpo, 1980
| Residence |
Kwangju |
Mokpo |
Other |
Total |
Kwangju
Mokpo
Others
Total
|
-
225
-
- |
512
77152
4558
82222 |
--
1987
--
-- |
--
79364
--
-- |
Nighttime Population=221,814; Daytime
Population=224,672; Day/Night ratio=101.3
Table 12. Cargo by Major
Commodities, Pusan
| |
Total |
Grain |
Petro-leum |
Cement |
Anthracite |
Bitumi-
nous
Coal |
Lumber |
Marine
Produ-
cts
|
Fresh
Fish |
Other
Ores |
Machi-nery |
Iron
Material |
Other |
|
Arrival
|
1966
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989 |
40540084
7420923
11142798
14596042
20369861
30329017 |
267,072
810,833
976,979
1,454,907
1,794,631
1,330,783
|
609,061
1,930,679
2,063,466
2,768,963
3,146,937
5,236,585 |
194,418
523,387
1,137,123
912,005
1,430,862
1,627,014 |
789,420
863,530
924,930
1,269,219
1,591,923
1,001,908 |
36,048
29,453
25,953
25,297
7,832
15,558 |
339,408
1,162,460
2,120,490
1,765,549
1,417,770
1,753,578 |
3,231
1,219
--
--
--
-- |
69,014
69,710
178,295
796,254
572,126
1,007,472 |
29,982
21,175
1,110
33,323
117,738
371,510 |
82,913
98,029
60
570,766
1,019,641
1,494,554 |
336,151
520,830
1,017,773
1,806,036
2,721,659
4,105,968 |
1,297,366
1,389,618
2,696,619
3,193,723
6,549,742
12,384,087 |
|
Departure
|
1966
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989 |
1204399
1819660
5596236
11103949
17039345
30013906 |
17,129
13,646
675
--
--
6,425
|
126,065
119,221
17,688
89,060
179,075
204,814 |
24,168
74,106
558,550
208,814
20,260
37,691
|
10,586
6,552
--
--
--
--
|
--
310
--
--
--
--
|
5,291
72,912
655,623
353,190
37,548
5,577 |
13,325
245
86,008
63,360
123,681
296,879 |
9,970
2,535
--
--
--
--
|
--
214,808
358,503
253,639
270,213
596,150
|
--
7,433
172,466
314,117
807,431
1,496,735
|
7,106
59,596
529,185
1,751,079
2,289,943
2,920,399 |
990,759
1,248,296
3,217,538
8,070,690
1,331,194
24,449,236 |
Click
Here to see larger view
To Top
Table 13. Arrival and
Departureof Ships, Pusan Ports
| |
Grand Total |
Arrival |
Departure |
| |
|
|
Ocean-going |
Coastal |
Total |
Ocean-going |
Coastal |
Total |
| Year |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1988 |
--
28,639
22,823
22,873
29,563
36,037 |
--
34,363
54,941
96,631
170,378
212,704
|
3,286
3,723
8,325
7,895
9,291
11,175
|
5,942
13,970
24,887
45,178
80,655
100,806
|
--
5,675
3,292
3,537
5,895
6,965
|
--
3,428
2,802
3,208
4,698
5,631
|
--
9,398
11,617
11,432
15,186
18,140
|
--
17,398
27,689
48,386
85,353
106,437
|
2,999
3,700
8,033
7,925
9,297
11,029
|
5,420
13,764
24,450
45,070
80,401
100,644
|
--
15,541
3,173
3,516
5,080
6,868
|
--
3,201
2,802
3,175
4,624
5,623 |
--
19,241
11,206
11,441
14,377
17,897 |
--
16,965
27,252
48,245
85,025
106,267 |
Click
Here to see larger view
Unit: Thousand ton
*Source: Statistical Yearbook of Maritime and Ports, each year.
Table 14. Cargo by Major Commodities, Mokpo
| |
Total |
Grain |
Petro-leum |
Cement |
Anthracite |
Bitumi-
nous
Coal |
Lumber |
Marine
Products |
Fresh
Fish |
Other
Ores |
Machi-nery |
Iron
Material |
Other |
|
Arrival
|
1966
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989 |
61,822
202,085
305,865
916,361
1,059,856
1,346,895
|
20,825
41,942
168,010
174,067
176,386
199,332 |
--
60,688
51,998
105,559
128,243
227,146 |
1,713
26,553
--
6,140
--
18.738 |
5,192
29,477
37,953
296,305
330,033
173,356
|
--
--
--
--
86,214
-- |
2,888
15,497
6,187
26,485
91,034
173,384 |
--
528
--
1,205
1,635
38 |
4,333
6,647
13,131
20,775
41,625
86,969 |
--
330
1,334
4,375
8,670
6,870
|
-
1,035
--
--
95
393 |
--
429
--
--
--
3,383 |
26,871
18,959
27,252
281,450
195,921
457,286 |
|
Departure
|
1966
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989 |
52,183
67,438
99,182
251,193
109,118
173,309
|
19,247
2,947
1,729
35,774
1,378
13,227
|
--
1,925
931
1,076
26,588
13,832
|
135
882
2,177
774
320
59
|
50
--
--
-.
--
--
|
--
--
--
--
--
-- |
96
640
--
10,942
170
--
|
120
1,952
753
4,118
12,853
3,256
|
2,637
728
3,162
348
--
--
|
--
33,968
8,205
11,300
1,800
900 |
--
--
301
--
--
210
|
--
240
157
60
--
-- |
29,898
24,156
81,767
186,801
66,009
141,825 |
Click
Here to see larger view
unit: ton
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Maritime and Ports, each year,
To Top
Table 15. Arrival and Departureof Ships, Mokpo
Ports
| |
Grand Total |
Arrival |
Departure |
| |
|
|
Ocean-going |
Coastal |
Total |
Ocean-going |
Coastal |
Total |
| Year |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
No. |
Ton. |
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1988
|
--
10,850
9,210
17,748
17,235
20,651 |
--
891
1,084
2,595
3,325
3,640 |
--
151
132
101
175
102 |
--
142
250
367
706
695 |
--
5,282
4,513
8,821
8,638
10,317 |
--
270
292
927
941
1,133 |
--
5,433
4,645
8,922
8,803
10,419 |
--
441
541
1,295
1,646
1,828 |
--
142
142
127
166
102 |
--
150
251
394
699
694
|
--
5,275
4,423
8,699
8,266
10,130 |
--
300
291
906
980
1,118 |
--
5,417
4,565
8,826
8,432
10,232 |
--
450
542
1,300
1,678
1,812 |
Click
Here to see larger view
Unit: Thousand ton
*Source: Statistical Yearbook of Maritime and Ports, each year.
Figure 2. Port Activity
To Top
As containerization became an important mode of
ocean transportation, Pusan specialized in container shipping at the
expense of noncontainerized cargo. Other ports are specializing in the
commodities related to their regions because of rising transportation
cost. Pusan port is constantly increasing the number of ships and total
dead weight ton (DWT) handled, as shown in table 13.
Since port activities are closely related to exports and imports, the
contribution of a port to trade also affects regional economic growth.
Pusan is the most important trade port in Korea but its relative share
of the national total has been declining because of the limited
physical capacity of the port and because other ports are being
developed or expanded to take advantage of location and consequent
reduced transportation cost. General cargo is being moved to other
specialized ports, for example steel to Pohang and automobiles to
Ulsan. Pusan port's share of export value has declined from 21.4
percent in 1965 to 12.1 percent in 1989. At the same time the total
value increased from 37.4 billion Won in 1965 to 7,524 billion Won in
1989. Pusan now handles more than 95% of all container cargos.
To Top
b. Mokpo
Mokpo, in contrast, has not been a major trade port
because of its location, physical condition, and regional industrial
structure. Although its cargo holding capacity increased from 320
thousand tons in 1960 to 1.810 million tons in 1987, its proportion of
national capacity declined from 2.4 percent in 1971 to 1.1 percent in
1987. Clearly Mokpo's port development has not kept pace with the
national industrialization.
As shown in table 14, Mokpo functions as an import and receiving hub
for commodities rather than as a terminal for export or transfer of
goods. It receives approximately ten times as much in raw materials
like grain, petroleum, and lumber, as it send out-going commodities.
This reflects the efficiency of the port as a growth or trade center of
a region. Because other ports near Mokpo, such as Kwangyang, which is
being developed as a container and steel port, Mokpo seems to be poorly
prepared for the future.
2. Industrial Structure (See tables 16-21)
The
change in regional industrial structure is the most important factor
affecting regional growth. With few exceptions, the growth of a region
means industrialization, regardless of desirability or suitability. On
average, the manufacturing and service industries yield higher added
value than do primary industries. For employment purposes as well,
manufacturing and services have higher labor absorption coefficients
than the primary sector. Thus regional income and greater employment
opportunities are two main indicators of regional development or
growth. Pusan and Mokpo should not necessarily have similar industrial
structures because of the differences in their sizes, administrative
status, and locations.
To Top
a. Pusan
Pusan is a very large metropolitan area and its
industrial activities should concentrate on more urban and
manufacturing related services. In reality, Pusan has grown and
expanded predominantly with manufacturing industries. The early and
intensive industrialization is a result of its location and its
function as a major port city. At the inception of the first economic
development plan, only Seoul and Pusan had some infrastructure such as
a port and surface transportation facilities. The first development
plan was designed to assist export industries and Pusan was ideally
suited for that purpose. Because of capital and technology limitations,
industrialization was based on labor intensive sectors such as wood
products and shoe manufacturing which have very high transportation
costs. Therefore, Pusan was aided by the growth of labor intensive
industries.
As shown in table 16, Pusan's expansion was mostly fueled by the rapid
growth in manufacturing. In 1965, the manufacturing sector comprised
40.5 percent of Pusan's total output, compared with 13.1 percent
nationwide. As industrialization proceeds, the importance of the
manufacturing sector for the nation is increasing but Pusan hit the
peak from the mid-1970's. Trends in employment follow the basic pattern
in output. The rapid industrialization and technological change have
caused structural problems for Pusan because of the concentration in
labor intensive industries.
To Top
Looking at individual manufacturing sectors, Class
31 (textiles, wearing apparel, and leather) and Class 35 (chemicals,
petroleum, coal, rubber, and plastics) industries employed 53.3 percent
of Pusan's total workers in 1963. That increased to 57.7 percent in
1973 and to 65.3 percent in 1988. These two industrial classifications
are labor intensive but not necessarily low value-added sectors. Some
chemical industries, with three or four digit industrial
classifications, belong to high value added sectors. Unfortunately,
Pusan only includes industries with relatively low value added
classifications. The manufacture of footwear, wearing apparel and
rubber products has always ranked among top four export commodity
categories.
As shown in table 2, continuing inflow of migrants from other regions
was the major source of manufacturing employees. However, the
immigration from rural areas declined drastically in recent years and
the wage level has been sharply rising in the past four years. The
reaction of firms to this change is to employ more aged female workers.
For example, young female workers used to be a majority of the
employees of most labor intensive industries. Those young female
workers are now being displaced by older, married female workers.
Married female workers have lower turnover rates than younger or
unmarried female workers.
Incoming migrants prefer service industries which have seen the most
rapid increase in wage levels over the past years. Many employees have
been moving from manufacturing to service jobs, which have better work
environments and less work intensity with the same or even higher
incomes, especially for female workers. Ideally, a large city like
Pusan should grow in the direction of an industrial structure
concentrated in urban services. But urban service industries usually
require workers with a certain level of education and/or specialized
training. Therefore the inflow of low skilled workers could bring on an
unusual expansion of only those service sectors which have less
industrial linkage effects. The concentration of workers in the local
entertainment businesses is a typical example. The employment structure
of Pusan is shown in table 17.
To Top
b. Mokpo
During the period of Liberation and the Korean War,
Mokpo's infrastructure was severely damaged or destroyed. The cessation
of trade with Japan after liberation and the construction of a road
network, especially bridges connecting contiguous islands,
substantially reduced the importance of Mokpo as a center for trade and
inter island transfer. During the colonial period, port related
industries such as ocean transportation, storage, and financial
services prospered in Mokpo. Manufacturing industries such as grain
milling and grinding were developed to take advantage of the location
and the specialization in the Japanese grain trade. As the function of
the port changed, the structure of regional industries also changed to
the manufacture of ceramic products and processing of food and
beverages, etc.
Table 16. Industrial
Structure of Nation and Pusan: Output and Employment by Industrial
Sector
| Output |
Empolyment (%) |
| |
Nation |
Pusan |
|
Nation |
Pusan |
| Year |
I |
II |
III |
I |
II |
III |
Year |
I |
II |
III |
I |
II |
III |
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989
|
42.9
28.7
24.2
15.1
12.8
10.2
|
13.1
16.3
23.5
22.0
31.3
31.9
|
44.0
54.9
52.3
52.9
55.9
57.9
|
4.7
3.5
2.4
3.0
--
--
|
40.5
41.6
45.6
35.5
--
--
|
54.8
54.9
52.0
61.5
--
--
|
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989
|
58.0
50.4
45.9
34.0
24.9
19.5
|
10.3
14.3
19.1
22.6
24.5
28.2
|
31.0
35.2
35.0
43.4
50.6
52.3
|
5.1
3.7
3.5
4.8
4.0
2.7
|
7.6
37.3
27.5
40.4
38.4
38.9
|
87.3
59.0
69.0
54.8
57.6
58.4 |
Click
Here to see larger view
Source: Economic Planning Board, Korea
To Top
Table 17 Pusan Employment Structure by Two Digit
Industrial Classification
| |
1981 |
1986 |
| |
Onto Empolyees |
% |
Onto Empolyees |
% |
11 Agriculture and Hunting
12 Forestry and Logging
13 Fishing
21 Coal Mining
23 Metal Ore Mining
29 Other Mining
31 Manufacture-Food, Beverages & Tobacco
32 Textile, Wearing Apparel & Leather Ind.
33 Manufacture-Wood & Furniture
34 Manufacture-Paper, Printing & Publishing
35 Manuf.-Chemicals, Petrol., Coal, Rub. & Plastic
36 Manuf.-Non-metallic Mineral Products
37 Basic Metal Industries
38 Manuf.-Fabricated Metal, Machinery & Equip.
39 Other Manufacturing Industries
41 Electricity, Gas & Steam
42 Water Works & Supply
51 General Construction
52 Construction-Special Trade Contractors
61 Wholesale Trade
62 Retail Trade
63 Restaurants & Hotels
71 Transport and Storage
72 Communication
81 Financial Institutions
82 Insurance
83 Real Estate
84 Business Services
92 Sanitary & Similar Services
93 Social & Related Community Services
94 Recreational & Cultural Services
95 Personnel & Household Services |
189
--
6,975
1.02
26
219
19,939
184,876
15,645
7,362
59,248
6,049
11,931
62,343
9,247
1,32.0
7
16,817
4,621
29,79.0
86,476
63,8.07
44,341
43
1.0,51.0
5,264
5,872
9,699
626
45,07.0
4,833
23,02.0 |
0.03
0.00
0.95
0.01
0.00
0.03
2.71
25.11
2.12
1.0.0
8.05
.0.82
1.62
8.47
1.26
0.18
0.00
2.28
0.63
4.05
11.75
8.67
6.02
0.01
1.43
0.71
0.8.0
1.32
.0.09
6.12
.0.66
3.13
|
7.0
--
5,291
65
22
277
2.0,951
218,298
11,889
1.0,347
77,723
6,492
13,3.02
83,0.05
15,040
1,615
29
21,475
8,429
46,222
111,625
82,.0.08
53,655
3,985
14,832
11,191
7,375
13,898
1,729
67,375
1.0,029
31,183 |
0.01
0.00
0.56
0.01
0.00
0.03
2.21
22.99
1.25
1.09
8.19
0.68
1.4.0
8.74
1.58
0.17
0.00
2.26
0.89
4.87
11. 76
8.64
5.65
0.42
1.56
1.18
0.78
1.46
0.18
7.1.0
1.06
3.28 |
To Top
Table 18. Four Major Export Items in Pusan
| |
1970 |
1975 |
1980 |
1984 |
1985 |
1990 |
| Item (by rank) |
W earing
Apparel
|
W earing
Apparel
|
Footwear |
Footwear |
Footwear |
Footwear |
| Plywood |
Footwear |
W earing
Apparel |
Iron &
Steel
|
W earing
Apparel |
Bleaching |
| Footwear |
Plywood |
Iron &
Steel |
W earing
Apparel |
Iron &
Steel |
W earing
Apparel |
Knitted
Outwear
Underwear
Apparel |
Iron &
Steel |
Bleaching |
Bleaching |
Ship
Building
|
Iron &
Steel |
Export of
the Above (A)
|
158.0 |
758.1 |
1,898.4 |
2,379.2 |
2,640.5 |
5,399.2 |
Pusan's Total
Export (B) |
219.7 |
1,035.2 |
3,183.3 |
4,891.7 |
4,087.3 |
7,805.3 |
| A/B (%) |
71.9 |
73.2 |
59.6 |
61.1 |
64.6 |
69.2 |
Unit: $ Million
*Source: Pusan Chamber of Commerce.
To Top
Table 19. Industrial Structure of Mokpo
| Year |
I |
II |
III |
Year |
I |
II |
III |
1965
1968
1976
1980
1985
1989 |
--
14.2
--
7.2
--
-- |
--
26.9
--
38.7
--
--
|
--
58.9
--
54.1
--
--
|
1960
1969
1975
1980
1985
1989
|
7.4
17.5
13.0
12.9
11.3
12.0
|
17.1
10.4
25.0
22.7
17.8
25.0
|
75.4
72.1
62.0
64.4
70.9
63.0 |
Source: 1. Mokpo City, Mokpo City Basic Plan, 1984,
p. 42; Mokpo City Overall Development, 1971, p. 104. 2. Mokpo City,
Current Status and Activities (Mineo), 1989. Ryu, Wang Yeoul, Sang Pil
Cho, 1988, p. 132. Cho, Kyung-Joon, 1980, p.14.
Table 20. Mokpo Employment Structure by Two
Digit Industrial Classification
| |
1981 |
1986 |
| |
Onto Empolyees |
% |
Onto Empolyees |
% |
11 Agriculture and Hunting
12 Forestry and Logging
13 Fishing
21 Coal Mining
23 Metal Ore Mining
29 Other Mining
31 Manufacture-Food, Beverages & Tobacco
32 Textile, Wearing Apparel & Leather Ind.
33 Manufacture-Wood & Furniture
34 Manufacture-Paper, Printing & Publishing
35 Manuf.-Chemicals, Petrol., Coal, Rub. & Plastic
36 Manuf.-Non-metallic Mineral Products
37 Basic Metal Industries
38 Manuf.-Fabricated Metal, Machinery & Equip.
39 Other Manufacturing Industries
41 Electricity, Gas & Steam
42 Water Works & Supply
51 General Construction
52 Construction-Special Trade Contractors
61 Wholesale Trade
62 Retail Trade
63 Restaurants & Hotels
71 Transport and Storage
72 Communication
81 Financial Institutions
82 Insurance
83 Real Estate
84 Business Services
92 Sanitary & Similar Services
93 Social & Related Community Services
94 Recreational & Cultural Services
95 Personnel & Household Services |
--
--
--
--
--
131
3,207
3,932
629
257
143
3,013
36
1,015
283
119
--
158
233
1,757
7,444
3,740
2,591
--
704
741
244
485
--
3,962
332
1,716 |
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.36
8.70
10.66
1.71
0.70
0.39
8.17
0.10
2.75
0.77
0.32
0.00
0.43
0.63
4.77
20.19
10.14
7.03
0.00
1.91
2.01
0.66
1.32
0.00
10.75
0.90
4.65
|
--
--
--
--
--
171
2,444
2,135
291
232
1,020
2,644
56
1,034
252
43
10
594
419
2,214
9,439
4,735
3,106
360
1,073
1,967
268
535
10
6,458
793
2,032 |
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.39
5.51
4.81
0.66
0.52
2.30
5.96
0.12
2.33
0.57
0.09
0.02
1.34
0.95
4.99
21.28
10.68
7.00
0.81
2.42
4.43
0.60
1.20
0.02
14.56
1.79
4.58 |
* Source: Establishment Census of Korea, 1981 and
1986
To Top
Table 21. Exports by Types of Industries, Mokpo
| Year |
Total |
Agricultural
Products |
Fishery
Products |
Industrial
Products |
1970
1975
1980
1985
1987 |
1,465
9,001
44,667
54,796
84,143 |
--
839
--
--
-- |
1,377
6,164
15,230
20,665
32,974 |
88
1,998
29,437
34,131
51,169 |
Unit: U.S. $1000
Source: Mokpo Chamber of Commerce.
The employment structure of Mokpo is quite
different from that of Pusan and the nation.Mokpo was relatively
industrialized early in its development. Table 20 shows that
itsemployment structure has an irregular trend, perhaps because of the
limited labor market. If a large manufacturing firm hiring hundreds or
thousands of workers is established the share of secondary industry
would also increase. In contrast, if a large firm moved out of the
city, the relative importance of that industry would be sharply
reduced. One thing to note is that the agriculture sector does not
decrease as it does in other regions. If the employment structure in
1981 and 1986 are compared, employment in the manufacturing sector
decreased not only in the composition but also in absolute numbers in
most industries. The decrease is most significant inthe textile and
wearing apparel industries. Financial and social community services
showed a large increase relatively and absolutely, absorbing workers
from the manufacturing sector.
Fishery products dominated commodity export up to the mid-1970's but
after that industrial products became dominant. However in terms of
absolute amounts, Mokpo's share is minimal compared to the national
total and its is less than 1.25 percent of Pusan's amount in 1985.
To
Top
III. Major Problem Area and Solutions
A. Urban Infrastructure
1. Pusan
A city like Pusan, which has expanded quickly,
suffers from an inadequate quantity and quality of urban
infrastructure. Pusan was originally designed by the Japanese rulers
for a population of about two hundred thousand. The rapid and
uncontrolled growth after World War II and the Korean War made long
term urban planning difficult, if not impossible. In addition,
shortages of funds for infrastructure made timely investment or later
adjustments unimplementable or too expensive. Since the per capita
income of Korean people rose about 50 times from about $100 to $5000
during the last three decades, attitudes and lifestyles have changed
drastically. Therefore urban infrastructure was not able to keep pace
with those rapid changes.
a. Transportation
One of the most important sectors of the
infrastructure is roads. During the last three decades, Pusan's
population increased almost four times and the mode of transportation
has changed with increases in income and the expansion of international
trade. Pusan handles 95 percent of containers and this factor
aggravates urban traffic problems. One 20 TEU container car equals
about 2.5 passenger cars in terms of occupying road length. The number
.of containers through the port increased from 5,305 in 1970 to
2,158,828 in 1989. This is thus the equivalent of a motor traffic
increase from 13,262 to 5.4 million.
To Top
In addition, the number of cars increased
dramatically during past ten years. In 1980 there were 62,419 vehicles
in Pusan of which 28,163 were passenger cars. In 1989, the numbers had
increased to 234,936 and 130,501 respectively. The number of persons
per passenger car was 5,212 in 1980 and 30 in 1989. This extremely
rapid and revolutionary change in transportation, has grossly outpaced
the facilities needed to support the new reality. Therefore the quality
of life has not improved as expected. Urban pedestrian traffic
increased two fold in the same period. But the ratio of road to total
area increased from 1.8 percent in 1963 to 12.8 percent in 1990.
Considering the dramatic increase in passenger car ownership, the
traffic problem is and will continue to be the most serious quality of
life problem for Pusan.
To address this urgent problem, the city has been focusing on five
major types of potential solutions. First, the expansion of basic
transportation facilities is the fundamental remedy for traffic
problems. That includes construction of new urban highways and beltways
to alleviate downtown traffic problems. Pusan has only one urban
highway basically running east and west. A second north-south highway
has been under construction since 1988 and will be completed in 1993
with a budget of $440 million. The money comes mainly from
international loans from the World Bank. Road construction plans after
1990 put emphasis on establishing double or triple lane highways to
make high speed networks with no or few stops. Funding is the most
difficult problem. To raise the road ratio by 1 percent point in Pusan,
about one billion U.S. dollars are required. This is almost equal to
the entire annual budget of general account in Pusan City.
The second measure is the expansion and extension of the existing road
network. That includes opening of four new roads and widening of five
others at the cost of about $322 million. The construction of four
interchanges at the major intersections in the city .is in progress at
the cost of $55 million. In addition to this, establishing a area-wide
road network is being planned. The plan covers six contiguous cities
and four Guns with an area of 3,431 square kilometers and a population
of 5.9 million.
To Top
The third approach is constructing more subways.
Pusan currently has one 26.1 kilometer subway line which carries 8.4
percent of total daily traffic. The city plans to increase the rate to
40 percent by constructing four additional lines with a combined length
of 127.1 kilometers. The second line is scheduled for completion by
1996 at a cost of $2.2 billion. Since the central government covers no
more than 20 percent of the total construction expense, most of the
cost is to be covered by foreign and domestic loans which put more
pressure on the city's financial resources.
The fourth component is parking Because of the large number of cars,
parking is becoming a most urgent problem. The city is planning to
construct 5,230 public parking spaces and 2,392 commercially operated
parking spaces in 1991. But that is far short even for the existing
demand. The city encourages construction of private parking buildings,
but this is still not a very active development.
The fifth approach is to maximize operational efficiency. The
transportation system management (TSM) is used for this purpose. Other
methods using modern technology are being introduced to get more
efficient results. However, even if all these measures are implemented
with adequate financing, transportation will be still a serious problem
well into the future. Reductions in automobile demand through market
forces may have to be implemented.
To Top
b. Land Shortage
The next serious problem cited by the city
officials and regional mass media is the shortage of land. As the city
grows, most of manufacturing firms that used to be located in the inner
part of the city are supposed to move to the periphery for several
reasons. The first is government regulation. Zoning restrictions
require non-urban type manufacturing firms to move from the inner city
areas. Since most of Pusan's outskirts are either green belt areas or
development restriction zones, firms are supposed to move to other
cities or provinces which would substantially weaken the city's
industrial and tax base. Pusan has only one officially approved
industrial complex within its boundary even though it has been
developed as the manufacturing center of the southeast region and the
nation. For this reason, the city government and Chamber of Commerce
are worried about loss of industrial firms.
The shortage of land for housing is another serious problem. Pusan's
home ownership rate was 59.1 percent in 1990, the lowest level among
the six large cities (special city and metropolitan cities) in Korea.
This low rate is due mainly to the shortage of sites for home
construction. This shortage is felt most severely by the middle or low
income sectors. Housing for high income earners is not serious because
they can afford the high prices needed to buy land and build homes.
There are two reasons for the land shortage. The first is that Pusan's
usable area is very small, being flanked by mountains in the front and
sea at the back. The second reason is that 37 percent of the city area
is designated as a green belt where construction is strictly
prohibited. Since land prices are rising very rapidly, provision of
publicly developed sites for housing is becoming more difficult. If the
green belt restrictions were relaxed more land supply would be
available. On the other hand the environmental quality would be damaged
by such a measure.
To Top
To solve the land shortage problem for industries,
the city has been developing its first official industrial complex by
reclaiming the mouth of Nakdong River. The size of that complex is
about 7.16 square kilometers and 63.5 percent of it will be used for
industrial development. Some of those industrial sites will be
allocated to the firms that have to be moved out from the inner city.
Another site, called the Cooperative Industrial Complex is being
completed along the bank of the river for industries which generate
industrial wastes. Apartment buildings for small industries are also
being developed. Since these complexes are within the city boundary the
city can maintain its tax base.
A technopark type industrial area is being planned on the site nearby
the above industrial complex. That park is about 3.2 square kilometers
and is scheduled for completion by 2001. The city plans to attract to
this site only high tech industries and research functions along with
residential developments. Financing is still a major problem and the
city has considered preselling lots to finance the project but the
initial investment required for infrastructure is enormous.
The city plans to build 400 thousand housing units by 2000, thereby
raising the rate of home ownership to 75.0 percent from the present
59.1 percent. That will require development of about 39.3 square
kilometers of land for low and middle income earners housing. The
project will be developed by the city, The National House Development
Cooperation and private developers, with the city assuming about one
third of the responsibility. Financing land acquisition is the most
difficult problem. There are two ways to acquire large size lots for a
residential complex in Pusan. The city designates a certain type of lot
as a housing zone and employs that for public development. The other
one is reclamation. Since a coastal region provides suitable
opportunities for reclamation, Pusan has reclaimed its beach mostly for
the purpose of housing.
To
Top
The city is planning to build an artificial island,
similar to Kobe's Port Island. The plan is to reclaim 1.88 million
Pyung in front of the downtown at the cost of about $2.2 billion. The
island will have a container port, business and commercial area,
residential area, and open spaces. Construction is scheduled to require
15 years beginning in 1991. The cost is to be financed by a subsidy
from central government, advanced selling of land to firms and
individuals, and the sale of flat land from a mountain to be levelled
for filling.
Pollution is also a problem. Pusan's water, air and soil have been
polluted continuously during the period of rapid industrialization.
Unless pollution producing firms move out to the outskirts of the city
or somewhere else, the urban quality of life will deteriorate
significantly. Therefore pollution generating firms are encouraged to
move out. But this is however a tradeoff.
c. Financial Resources
Even though Pusan is the second largest city (Si)
and the third in terms of total population among the special and
metropolitan Si and Do, its financial resources are not comparable to
its size. The amount of Pusan's local tax is the third highest in the
nation, but the per capita budget is the lowest among the 15 cities and
provinces. Pusan's total budget size, ranks sixth and is far behind
that of other comparable regions. The reason for this imbalance is that
Pusan has not received enough subsidy from the central government like
other cities and dos. For example, Pusan received a subsidy of 9.7
billion won from the central government in 1990, while Kyung-gi
Province, which has 1.5 times more per capita budget than Pusan,
received 213.9 billion won as a subsidy. On the other hand Seoul did
not receive any subsidy from the central government but it has a strong
tax base within its boundary.
To Top
Since Pusan developed relatively earlier than other
areas, the priority on allocation of available funds goes to other
areas even though Pusan does not generate adequate financial resources
itself for sustained growth and development. The formation of local
parliaments and the election of mayors and governors starting from
Spring 1991 will make necessary adjustments more difficult in the
future. Since Pusan is a very large city the demand for financial
investment is great. Finding a stable financial resource for growth and
development is a difficult task for the city of Pusan.
Problems associated with infrastructure have reached a critical stage.
Port facilities are saturated to the point of being inefficient and
noncompetitive. Some ships now avoid Pusan port because of long waits
and congestion. Container and cargo trucks are the major causes of city
traffic jams. The road connecting the port and inner area is getting
increasingly congested because the facilities lag behind traffic
demand. In addition, the coordination between the municipal government
and the Marine and Port Authority over the planning, execution, and
operation of the port facilities is not always smooth and cooperative.
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Top
For the mass transportation system, four more
subway lines are to be constructed in the future but the start of
construction of the second line is confronted with the financing
problem. Since the number of cars increased recently, parking is an
urgent problem, which must be solved in order to improve average
vehicle speed. The fact that land prices rise more rapidly than city
revenues, makes the solution of transportation problem even harder. In
sum, the City is paying the cost of rapid expansion in a short time
period.
Solutions to the financial problem are mainly related to the financial
system. National and local taxes are determined by laws, making it
impossible to raise more taxes for certain regions. Under this
situation, increasing the tax base is the only way to collect more
taxes. One of the reasons why Pusan wants to keep manufacturing firms
within its boundary is to maintain its tax base. Another way of raising
more financial resources is to levy user charges under the assumption
of no tax resistance from citizens. The idea of levying a surcharge on
all container trucks using the Port of Pusan is an example. The city
may also sell its properties or borrow money from abroad and/or
domestic capital markets. All of these methods have been and will be
tried in the future by the city.
Transportation, land shortage, and city finance are the most serious,
but not the only, problems of facing Pusan. Matters related to the
quality of life become increasingly important as incomes rise. The
quality of drinking water is deteriorating because Pusan is located at
the end of Nakdong River which is the main supply source of drinking
and industrial water for this area. The sewer system is not sufficient
for the entire city and treatment facilities for wastes are
insufficient where the filtering rate is only 45 percent in 1991. The
city needs more space for parks and recreational facilities. In
addition to clean water, cleaner air and soil and reduced noise levels
are major challenges to be addressed in the future.
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2. Mokpo
At present Mokpo lags behind most of Korea's 73
cities. The major cause of this is the shortage of employment
opportunities due to the limited production capacity. The planned
direction of future development, according to a high official of the
city, is to make Mokpo into an international trade port and tourist
center. This will be based on Dahdo-hae, or the multi-island sea. It
will also be a regional industrial center with the operation of the
Daebul Industrial Complex. Finally it is planned to be the headquarters
of the southeast region for the purpose of public administration,
education, information and trade.
There are six major problems cited by city officials. These are: 1)
small administrative area; 2) poor transportation network (construction
of airport, dualization of the existing railroad, construction of outer
port and road network); 3) limited water supply; 4) inadequate sewage
treatment; 5) garbage dumping site; and 6) problems associated with the
poor. According to a recent survey3, citizens cited and ranked the
problems in the order of: water supply, transportation, sewage,
pollution and housing. Citizens of Mokpo generally have higher tendency
to distrust the central government because of the acclaimed intentional
neglect of Mokpo and Jeonlanam-Do area in the process of economic
development plans and national land development plans. Even the
projects that were included in the development plans are deemed to have
been unrealized because of financing problems or lower priority. For
instance, it took, 18 years to construct a four lane highway 75 km
between Mokpo and Kwangju which is the center of the Southwest region.
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a. Transportation
Cargo to and from Mokpo is transported mainly by
railroad and ships; passenger travel is by road. However the importance
of the rail and coastal transportation has been decreasing recently.
The opening of the highway between Mokpo and Kwangju changed the
pattern of transportation in the region such that residents of
Mooan-Gun which belonged to the Mokpo living zone are commuting to the
Kwangju living zone because of the reduced transportation time.
Railroad use is declining because the single line between Mokpo and
Kwangju makes railroad travel more inconvenient and costly than surface
road. The declining role of coastal transportation is caused by the
construction of bridges between nearby islands and the closest lands,
which reduces the importance of Mokpo port as an entering point to the
mainland for people and commodities. If the ongoing West Coast Highway
project is completed by 2001, the dualization of railroad is finished
in the near future, and the airport is reopened in 1992, then the
transportation system of Mokpo will be completely changed.
The urban transportation situation of Mokpo is, however, relatively
better than in other large cities. The ratio of roads to total area was
16 percent and road pavement rate was 77 percent in 1987, which is a
significant improvement from 11.3 percent and 48 percent, respectively,
in 1977. However, the per capita road length for Mokpo is one of the
lowest in Korea. In addition, the shortage of parking spaces, narrow
downtown roads, five-way cross roads and crossing of rail road against
main roads, etc. are problems associated with urban transportation. A
research report indicated that the length of block of the town is too
large and the linkage with contiguous area is inappropriate.
To Top
The total number of vehicles increased 4.3 times
from 2,116 in 1980 to 9,095 in 1990, while the number of passenger cars
and buses increased by 6.2 times. The number of cars per household is
.16 compared with .24 in Pusan. The average speed of vehicles in the
downtown is 35-40 km/hour which is an excellent record in urban areas.
However parking is still a problem.
To solve the transportation difficulties, a new basic urban plan is
being developed to create an efficient link between contiguous areas.
To address the immediate parking problem, two public and one private
parking lots accommodating a total of 1200 cars are to be constructed.
In addition, the utilization of idle space and coastal zone for parking
is also considered.
As far as transportation is concerned, there is a great difference
between the two cities. Pusan is confronted with urgent traffic and
parking problems while at present, Mokpo's is a problem but not an
urgent one. Mokpo can expect to encounter the same sort of
transportation problems that Pusan has already been forced to address
if it continues to develop without prior attention to the future
problems.
To Top
b. Land and Land Use
The City, the Chamber of Commerce, and researchers
studying Mokpo argue that a small administrative area is one of the
impediments to the city's development. They argue that Mokpo's
population density of 5,514 personsjkm2 in 1990 is high compared with
other similar sized cities. The smaller administrative area makes urban
planning difficult. They cite the location of Mokpo University and some
of the social welfare facilities which are outside of city boundary as
an example. Mokpo's population density of 5,514 personsjkm2 is
contrasted with Pusan's 7,333 personsjkm2 in 1989.
Mokpo has only one industrial complex about 42,000 square meters that
is perceived to be the only investment made during the periods of
national economic development .plans. Although land price in this
industrial complex is one of the lowest in Korea, and it is designated
as a local industrial development special area, it still took from 1973
to 1984 to attract 40 firms for the complex even though. Officials
consider this evidence of inferior conditions in Mokpo considering
facilities and industrial environment.
Housing is no better than in other comparable cities. Due to the
continuous zoning for housing projects financed by the World Bank and
the city itself, land for housing seems not to beadequate. Currently
there are three public development projects for the new urban center
with a size of 7.45 square kilometers and a cost of $300 million which
are being implemented through the reclamation of public water and urban
zoning program. This kind of public development project has the
advantage of saving initial investment for the city, and at the same
time development profits can contribute to filling the gap between
supply and demand of municipal finance. The urban zoning projects so
far are helping to supply inexpensive land and to stimulate the
development of contiguous areas.
To Top
c. Port Facility
During the past 25 years, cargo handled by the
Mokpo port increased by 5.7 times but the rate of increase was
relatively slower than at other ports including Pusan. Two main reasons
suggested by a city specialist are the higher transportation cost due
to the old loading and unloading equipment and facilities4 and a strong
union.
The projects to expand the Inner Port (for passengers only) and the
North Port (for fishermen only) are being implemented from 1983 to
1996. To prepare for the development of west coast, especially the
completion of the Daebul Waterfront Industrial Complex, the city is
consulting with the central government to build a new port having 30
berths accommodating ships of 50 thousand DWT. The budget for this
project is estimated to be about $300 million.
To Top
B. Social Service
1. Pusan
a. Education
Education is an important factor influencing
migration within Korea. Since the college entrance examination is such
a difficult challenge in Korea, pre-college education is thought to be
important. Therefore, some parents decide to move the family or student
into a city for educational purposes. Pusan has 24 college level
educational institutes and this attracts high school graduates to Pusan
from contiguous areas. Residents of rural areas or small cities
sometimes send their children to large cities for education as early as
the primary school level. That is a form of temporary migration of
students. Colleges and universities in Pusan attract college students
from the contiguous areas in a similar manner.
At the same time, however, the best high school graduates from Pusan go
to Seoul for their college education and tend to get jobs there after
graduation. This causes a serious brain drain, hampering regional
economic development. Moreover the shortage of young and relatively
less educated individuals from outside makes the labor market of Pusan
inelastic to the change of industrial environment.
To Top
The education system is controlled by the national
Ministry of Education and by local Education Boards. It is not a
municipal function. The city does assume salaries of public school
teachers, however. Since education requires large sums of investment
initially, it is hard to change systemic problems at a local level. In
terms of quantity the large city of Pusan has suffered from a rapid
increase in population, implying as well a rapid increase in the
numbers of students. Since the facilities could not keep pace with the
demographic change, urban schools have had higher student teacher
ratios and insufficient class rooms and other necessary facilities.
Different rates of population change within the city also present a
problem. Because not all the Wards and sections have the same
demographic change, it is hard to establish a physical plan in advance.
Urban high schools in large cities prohibit the transfer of students
from other regions, even from other schools within the same school
district. The proportion of students who pass college and university
entrance examinations has become a widely used measure of the quality
of education of high schools. Urban schools used to have higher
examination scores.
b. Health Facility
Korean public and health policy is standardized in
each region. That is, each administrative region is provided with a
predetermined number of public medical office, health clinics and
doctors and so on. For example, each Ward office of Pusan and Mokpo has
one public health clinic. Private hospitals and doctors, however, are
clustered in large cities in general. Therefore Pusan has relatively
more hospitals and doctors than other areas except Seoul and Kyung-gi
provinces. The number of general hospitals is also greater than in
other provinces. The same is true for medical and health facilities
other than hosp.itals. Most private health institutes tend to locate in
large cities for commercial purposes and to take advantage of urban
living.
In the area of family planning, the Korean case is known to be one of
the most successful in the world over the past three decades. All areas
of the country are well served by nearby family planning clinics,
working in cooperation with public medical clinics. In addition, the
rising income levels and changing living styles make public family
planning clinics almost unnecessary these days since the private market
can provide supplies to most people at low costs. The average number of
children in each family has been decreasing constantly in both urban
and rural areas.
To Top
c. Other Social Services
Aid for the poor, elderly, and disabled is also an
important social service of both the central and local governments. The
number of aid recipients is higher in rural and small urban areas than
large cities. The proportion of aid recipients in Pusan was 2.5 percent
in 1989, a decline from 2.8 percent in 1987. Rising living standards
generate more demand on social aid, however. Pusan has a higher
proportion of slum areas than other cities, partly because of its
location and the Korean War.
The city plans to build more apartments and houses for permanent rental
to the poor. Redevelopment also becomes more profitable now because of
rising land prices. In addition to direct aid for the poor, elderly,
and disabled, the city is trying to improve living conditions for these
people by providing job training, and business loans and information
services, etc.
2. Mokpo
a. Education
Mokpo has a higher proportion of high school
students than the urban average but the education level of entire
population is lower. Many good students move out to Kwangju or Seoul
for schooling, which, as noted above, is not unique to Mokpo. The city
itself has inadequate opportunities to hire all graduates from higher
educational institutes. Therefore the educational structure of Mokpo is
to provide opportunities for middle and high school education for
students in contiguous areas, but to send students out for employment
or college education. At the same time, firms in Mokpo have difficulty
in finding qualified workers.
Before 1980, high schools in Mokpo attracted many students from other
areas because of higher college entrance exam score record. After the
policy changed to high school standardization in 1980, immigration
tended to decline because of a reduced number, of high school students
coming from other areas. At the same time, Mokpo University moved out
of the city to Mooan Gun. Since Mokpo was excluded from the high school
standardization area from 1990, the education related migration to
Mokpo is expected to grow again, which in turn will affect the
development of the city.
To Top
b. Health Facilities
Reflecting Mokpo's current economic situation, the
level of health facilities and personnel is lower than the general
average of city areas. One reason for this is because Mokpo was
designated as a showcase for medical insurance for farmers, fishermen,
and the self employed in 1982. That designation seems to have
contributed to improving general health conditions but that is also
indicated as a reason for stagnant medical facilities. After the
experiment in Mokpo, the national insurance system was adopted in 1988.
Ironically Mokpo has the highest rate of delayed premium payments in
the nation. A plan to establish a general hospital of Chosun University
was blocked by the regional association of doctors.
The fertility rate in Mokpo is higher than the national average, but
the reason for that has not yet been identified. Since 1955-60, when
the first estimates are available, Mokpo's TFR has declined along with
the rest of the country but it has also remained about 0.5 children
above the total national level. On the other hand the gap between Mokpo
and other urban areas has declined considerably. In 1955-60 Mokpo's TFR
was 140 percent of the all urban average by 1981-85 it has fallen to
126 percent.
To Top
c. Other Social Services
Mokpo has a relatively high proportion of poor
families and welfare related facilities. The city's 39,519 poor persons
in 9,391 families constitutes 15.7 percent of the total population. The
contrasts with the national average of 4.7 percent. By 1989, Mokpo had
13 social welfare facilities accommodating 2,023 persons, which, even
in absolute numbers, is the largest in the nation in all but the six
largest cities.
Measures to support these low income families include: 1) providing job
training to employable family members; 2) implementing a project for 10
thousand households of poor families to improve living environments
with road, water pipe, and house maintenance for $27 million for the
period of 1989-1993; and 3) constructing a welfare building for the
elderly.
Mokpo is known to be a city of art. The citizens are proud of what
their famous painters and writers have produced so far. Recently a
local cultural center and sculpture park were opened. The city is to
establish a five year plan for culture and art development including
construction of a seashore park and an art center (by 1992) and many
other projects.
c. Environment
As a rapidly industrializing country, all regions
in Korea are faced with environmental problems. Garbage, water, air,
soil, and noise pollution are serious problems. Environmental problems
were less important in the past. However, as the standard of living
rises, the matter of quality of life, especially environmental
problems, becomes more and more important. The degree of pollution
differs by region but the concern about it is the same everywhere. The
more industrialized a region, the more polluted it is.
To Top
Table 22. Indicators of Environment, Pusan
| |
Unit |
Cities & Towns |
1981 |
1983 |
1985 |
1987 |
1989 |
S02
(Air) |
-- |
-- |
-- |
0.061 |
0.051 |
0.047 |
0.039 |
0.047 |
COD
(Coast) |
mg/1 |
-- |
-- |
3.3 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
| |
|
Upper
River |
Andong
Kumi |
1.3
1.6 |
1.3
1.8 |
1.5
1.7 |
1.1
1.5 |
0.8
1.6 |
BOD
(Nakdong
River) |
mg/1 |
Middle River |
Dalsung
Koryong |
1.8
-- |
1.7
8.5
|
1.8
11.5 |
1.5
-- |
1.7
-- |
| |
|
Lower
River
|
Samnangjin |
1.6 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
*Source: Ministry of Environment
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Top
1. Pusan (See table 22)
a. Drinking Water
Over 97 percent of Pusan's drinking water is
supplied by the city. Three major problems are quality, supply to high
altitude areas, and increased demand. The quality of water is directl |
