D. City Projects

The questionnaire asked city administrators to list projects they are undertaking to deal with their problems. Eighty-four of the city administrators listed and briefly described 159 projects, indicating that urban administrators are initiating many specific local activities to address the problems they face. The great variety of projects can be grouped into 10 major categories.

1. Housing: slum and squatter projects and housing development.
   
2. Wastes: sewage, human and industrial waste and garbage.
   
3. Public.facilities, such as sports stadia, market stalls, parks, community development projects, and one shoreline reclamation to construct a yacht harbor in Korea.
4. Transportation: including bridges, flyovers and new roads to relieve congestion.
   
5. Water works: dams, flood control and water supply.
   
6. Industrial development: industrial complexes and the attempt to attract industries, also agricultural development and small loans for local entrepreneurial activities.
   
7. Planning activities: such as urban plans and traffic planning.
   
8. Educational facilities: schools, colleges.
9. Health and family planning: immunization campaigns, primary health care and family planning
   
10. Electricity and telephone.

Table 12 shows the distribution of these projects by country and by type of project.

Table12.
Numbers of Urban Projects by Category and Country

The largest portion of the projects are, as might be expected in housing, waste treatment, transportation, water and industrial or income development projects. There is a striking difference in the projects listed under industrial development in different countries. Japan lists 12 of its 17 projects here, and they are all for the development of what are coming to be called a "technopolis", or high technology industrial parks, and for attempting to attract corporations. Korea, too. has about one-quarter of its projects in similar industrial development and related various urban planning activities. Indonesia and the Philippines reflect what the poorer countries are doing. Both note a number of industrial development projects, but they are primarily for small loans to local entrepreneurs or the construction of small market stalls for the poor. One Indonesian city noted 10 income generating projects for low income people. We saw that urban administrators did not consider health and education to be major problems, and here we note that accordingly only seven of the 139 projects are in the area of health, family planning and education.

These projects are organized in a great variety of ways. In some cases, the city itself is initiating, funding and implementing the project; in others, the central government is doing of the work and financing. In most, however, there is some sharing between city and central government in planning, financing and implementing the project, and in some cases international organizations are involved as well.