A series of questions was used to elicit views on pollution and what is being done about it. When asked about the serious pollution problems, most administrators mentioned air pollution (66%) and water pollution (71%). These two also constituted the most ofien mentioned problems in all coulltries. Next in importance came noise, which was also important in all countries. Finally, offensive odors was mentioned by about one-quarter of the administrators overall, with roughly the same Ievels in China, Indonesia, Pakistan, The Philipplnes and Thailand. It was mentioned by half of the Indian administrators, and by all of the respondents in Malaysla and Nepal, but by only 2, or 10% of the admimistrators in Japan.

The greatest source of air pollution is seen to be auto emissions by 50 percent of the 109 administrators responding to this question; industrial emissions are listed most serious by 37 percent. The results are seen in table 13. It is interestlng to note that even in Japan auto exhaust is seen as the mqor cause by the great majority of administrators (22 of 26), despite Japan's great success in legal controI of vehicle exhausts.

One other condition is well illustrated here. Development and national wealth affect the kind of pollution one expenences. Japan's wealth has permitted it to attend to industrial pollution very effectively and its high vehicle population now constitutes the greatest source of air pollution. Korea's rapid economic development has produced much industrial pollution to which the country is now turning attention, as Japan did twenty years ago. It is likely that Korea will now have sufficient wealth to curb industrial sources of air pollution, and that in the future vehicles wilI conStitute the greatest source of air pollution. Industrial pollution is a most serious problem in Pakistan and China where the vehicle population is very low. The rapidly growing vehicle populations in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, where levels are above those of other low income countries, have made them major sources of air pollution. Thai and Philippines traffic are notorious for their dirty and noisy exhaust and most cities are terribly congested with traffic.

Table 13
Administrators' Perceptions of
the Greatest Sources of Air Pollution

The one anomaly here is Malaysia. Malaysia's high vehicle population (91 cars per 1000 people) has sdll not made vehicles the major source of air pollution. This anomaly, however, may fit well with popular perceptions. Malaysia's wealth has given its cities the physical infrastructuretohandle traffic quite well and its people the capacity to buy and use cleanerandmore efficient vehicles.

In the case of water pollution (Table 14) industrial waste and raw sewage are the dominant sources in all countries outside of Japan, and in Japan it is domestic waste water that is most often mentioned.

All governments are addressing these problems through a series of laws and emission standards, special government agencies that monitor pollution and develop pollution control agreements with industries. Only four administrators (2 in Indonesia and one each in Pakistan and Japan) reported that industrial promotion was the overriding concern, so little will be done to curb pollution. For the most part the administrators said government was addressing the problem, and many (35%) said existing laws and programs were working well and would be continued.

Table 14
Administrators' Perceptions of the
Greatest Source of Water Pollution

Auto emissions are a major source of air pollution in the eyes of most administrators. All note that motor vehicle trafic in their cities has increased, and fully 70 percent say it has increased greatly. This has caused problems both in congestion and air pollution. The most common approach to these problems is the construction of wider streets, freeways and parking spaces. A substantial minority (about 40%) also report speed limits and parking restrictions, restricting enlry, and promoting mass transit systems.

There is one general overal1 relationship between administrators' views of traffic prdblems and the source of air pollution. Where traffic volume and flow are judged serious problems, admimistrators also tend to see vehicles as the major cause of air pollution. Beyond that, however, there is no simple relationship between the perceived source of air pollution and the variety of other traffic problems. Even where administrators perceive their public transportation to be satisfactory or advantageous, most (9 of 16) still see vehicle exhaust as the major source of air pollution. And those who see traffic flow and volume conditions to be satisfactory or advantageous in their cities still tend to see vehicle exhaust as the major source of air pollution. Cities, cars, congestion and air pollution tend to go together to present a major spollution problem for urban most administrators.